Larger body size with higher predation rate

Abstract –  Many studies have reported that prey fish increase in body size with an increase in piscivore abundance, and this change may be explained mainly by two processes: release from intraspecific competition because of a reduction in the prey fish population and size-dependent selection by the piscivore. However, the evolutionary mechanism is not yet fully understood. Here, we first show the body-size dynamics of the semelparous gobiid fish Gymnogobius isaza , which is one of the prey fishes of the introduced largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides . The data show the possibility that the goby body size might have changed in parallel to the number of largemouth bass from 1975 to 2002, which may be one of the best examples of the positive relationship between body size and predation rate. Furthermore, we explored a mathematical model to consider a body-size change of semelparous fish from an evolutionary viewpoint. The model provided the following qualitative predictions: (1) the optimal assimilation rate increases with predation pressure; (2) a rapid large-scale increase in predation pressure may exterminate the prey fish because of delayed evolution of the assimilation rate; and (3) the optimal assimilation rate increases when the prey fish is more likely to die through predation than through natural mortality or when it is difficult to grow larger because of low resource availability or insufficient foraging efficiency. Moreover, we propose a theoretical framework to evaluate the relative effects of ecological and evolutionary processes over the long term.     

克氏原螯虾形态与体重的通径分析

[目的]确定影响克氏原螯虾体重的主要形态性状,以期为克氏原螯虾的亲本选育、形态辅助育种提供理论基础。[方法]选取了350尾雌性克氏原螯虾和302尾雄性克氏原螯虾,分别测量其体重(Y)、全长(X1)、头胸甲长(X2)、头胸甲宽(X3)、腹节总长(X4)、第一腹节长(X5)和第一腹节宽(X6)。采用相关分析、多元回归分析和通径分析,以体重为因变量形态性状为自变量,计算了雌雄克氏原螯虾各性状间的相关系数,通径系数和决定系数。[结果]相关分析结果显示,雌雄克氏原螯虾各性状间相关性皆达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);多元回归分析中,雌雄克氏原螯虾剔除了与体重性状不显著的形态性状,建立的多元回归方程分别为Y雌=－34.689+10.629X2+6.479X3+0.803X1,Y雄=－33.413+5.727X2+6.770X3+2.043X1+3.045X6 ;通径分析结果表明,头胸甲长在雌性克氏原螯虾中对体重的直接作用最大,其次是全长和头胸甲宽,全长和头胸甲宽通过头胸甲长对体重的间接作用较大。在雄性中,也是头胸甲长的直接作用最大,其次是全长和头胸甲宽以及第一腹节宽,第一腹节宽通过头胸甲长、宽和全长对体重的间接作用最大。[结论]以上结果可为克氏原螯虾的选育奠定基础。     

克氏原螯虾温室大棚规模化繁育技术及工艺

本文详尽阐述了克氏原螯虾温室大棚规模化繁育技术,包括繁育设施的建造、工厂化人工诱导繁殖,规模化网箱育苗技术等,为克氏原螯虾育苗生产提供借鉴。     

Environmental correlates of two macro-decapods distribution in Central Italy: Multi-dimensional ecological knowledge as a tool for conservation of endangered species

Using a multi-dimensional ecological design, this study aimed first to analyse whether local environmental conditions can account for the spatial segregation of two Italian native decapods, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus and the river crab Potamon fluviatile, in Central Italy freshwater ecosystems. Second, we aimed to analyse which environmental variables were more closely associated with the presence/absence of the two decapods in specific sites within their distribution area. Following a factorial design, a total of 32 sites were selected in two neighbouring geographic areas, one occupied by crayfish and one by crabs. Within each distribution area, eight streams where the decapod was present and eight where it was not present were selected. At each site, macro-invertebrate community composition and 16 abiotic variables were recorded and analysed with multi-variate methods. Variations in physical (minimum and maximum temperatures), chemical (calcium, oxygen, nitrate and nitrite) and geomorphological (substrate composition) parameters explained spatial segregation of P. fluviatile and A. italicus in the study area. The occurrence of crayfish reflected variations of chemistry (such as pH, calcium, nitrate and nitrite concentrations), temperature, water depth and substrate composition. On the contrary, the presence of the river crab, within its occurrence zone, was not associated to any biotic and abiotic parameters and was probably affected by anthropogenic pressure and uncontrolled harvesting. These findings provide fundamental ecological data for the maintenance of the two decapod natural populations as well as for the selection of areas and streams adequate for their reintroduction.     

单品种淡水活鱼数量的被动声学估计

针对单品种淡水活鱼数量估计问题,以鲫鱼和鳊鱼为研究对象,采用不同数量淡水鱼的被动水声信号作为样本,通过4~6层小波包分解算法,对比分析了样本的若干特征提取方案,明确了鲫鱼水声信号特征的提取方案为短时平均过零率+6层小波包分解频段能量,而鳊鱼只需提取6层小波包分解频段能量作为其信号特征。根据不同样本集划分方法比较结果,确定了鲫鱼样本集划分方法为Rank-SPXY(m=10),鳊鱼为Rank-SPXY(m=5)。利用竞争自适应重加权采样,筛选出样本的关键特征,并使用多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归建立了若干淡水活鱼的数量估计模型,结果表明:多元线性回归模型的性能较好,鲫鱼和鳊鱼数量估计模型的复相关系数分别为0.835和0.893,相对分析误差分别为1.79和2.01。     

微咸水造墒对棉花生长发育及产量的影响研究

采用小区对比试验方法,研究了河北低平原区旱地等雨播种（HD）、播前淡水造墒（S1）以及矿化度为2.2g/L（S2.2）和5g/L（S5）微咸水造墒等不同处理对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,棉花生育期内HD处理0～100cm土壤含水率明显低于3种造墒处理;S5处理0～40cm土壤盐分含量最高,但降雨淋洗效果较为显著...     

液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用检测小龙虾和鱼中不同形态砷的研究

采用液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法联用用技术对淡水鱼、海水鱼以及小龙虾样品建立相应的形态砷分析方法并对其含量进行了测定。对色谱条件、载流、载气流速、蠕动泵速、提取条件等进行优化,明确了4种砷形态化合物的分离条件。指出了此方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、准确度高、干扰少、简便、快捷、需要样品量少等优点,可以对小龙虾和鱼样品中的砷形态进行定量分析。     

论森林、淡水与湿地——以福建省为例

针对森林生态系统的作用、功能,结合福建省的山地森林,与流域淡水及湿地中的水源水质的密切关系,提出:要保护好森林资源,以及流域内的淡水和湿地;要从系统整体性出发,防范森林退化、破坏,以及流域内的淡水与湿地的破坏与污染问题。     

Environmental correlates of body size distribution in Cyprinidae (Actinopterygians) depend on phylogenetic scale

The pattern of increasing species body size with increasing latitude has been noticed in different groups of animals. Here, we used seven key environmental factors and independent contrasts to assess body size latitudinal clines in Cyprinidae at two phylogenetic levels (inter‐ and intragenera), which were defined using a genus‐level supertree. Model selection procedures revealed that environmental factors shaping body size variation in Cyprinidae differed according to the phylogenetic scale considered. At the higher phylogenetic level, we found that both temperature (negative effect) and habitat availability (positive effect of drainage basin surface area) constituted mechanistic explanations of large‐scale body size distribution. No temperature‐related body size cline was observed at the intragenus level. Instead, competitive interaction (negative effect of species richness), habitat availability (positive effect of drainage basin surface area), migration ability and available energy (positive effects of glacial coverage and actual evapotranspiration) constitute alternative explanations at this lower phylogenetic scale. We conclude that (i) at the intergenus level, cyprinids do show a tendency to be smaller at high temperatures and larger at low temperatures, (ii) this tendency no longer exists at the intragenus level, (iii) latitude per se is a weak predictor of body size clines whatever the taxonomic level analysed, (iv) generalising geographical body size patterns may be rendered difficult by the superimposition of a series of mechanisms across different taxonomic scales, and (v) habitat size, here acting positively at both taxonomic scales, may play a major role in shaping riverine species body size clines.     

Pathogenicity of halophilic Vibrio harveyi in giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man)

In this study, the phenotypic and pathogenic properties in freshwater host were characterized in 14 strains of halophilic Vibrio harveyi isolated from infected marine black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. The lysogenic phenotype was assayed via prophage excision and mitomycin C induction. The bacteria were grouped into two types, corresponding to lysogenic and non‐lysogenic strains. The pathogenicity was determined via direct injection of bacterial cultures into post‐larval juvenile giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man. All of the infected prawns showed similar symptoms and inflamed hepatopancreas. The V. harveyi isolates derived from the first‐injected infected prawns were re‐isolated and re‐injected into healthy giant freshwater prawns, in which they retained similar infectivity. Both lysogenic and non‐lysogenic Vibrio spp. showed identical virulence associated with 100% mortality within one day post‐injection. TEM micrographs showed hepatopancreatic nuclear deformation and lipid breakdown caused by lysogenic γ‐hemolytic VL19 and non‐lysogenic β‐hemolytic V33. However, the V33 strain was associated with severely disrupted mitochondria. None of the V. harveyi strains was able to produce a biofilm. Together, our findings indicate that the lysogenic and non‐lysogenic halophilic V. harveyi isolated from marine shrimps may use different virulence factors that are responsible for their pathogenicity in freshwater prawns.