Field performance of containerized black spruce seedlings with root systems damaged by freezing or pruning

Roots of 2-year-old black spruce seedlings (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were exposed to freezing temperatures to destroy 20, 40, 60, and 80% of the root systems. For comparison, other root systems were pruned to eliminate the same proportions of roots. Treated and control seedlings were planted in spring 1992 at Forêt Montmorency (the Université Laval forest research station, 50 km north of Quebec City). From 1992 to 1995, survival, shoot height and stem diameter were measured. Mortality mainly occurred in 1993, the year after planting; pruned seedlings showed practically no mortality while seedlings with 20, 40, 60, and 80% of their root systems affected by frost showed mortality rates of 0, 6, 17, and 24%, respectively. Shoot height and stem diameter decreased with increasing root damage when compared to controls. After three years on the planting site, shoot height was reduced by 2, 8, 11, and 18% while stem diameter was reduced by 4, 21, 25, and 24% for 20, 40, 60, and 80% frost damage, respectively. For pruned seedlings, shoot height was increased by 3% at 20% damage and was decreased by 1, 3, and 13% for 40, 60, and 80% root damage while stem diameter was reduced by 1, 4, 8, 19% for 20, 40, 60, and 80% respectively. Use of damaged seedlings on the planting sites should be limited in order to reduce the cost of replacement planting.     

饱和土壤冻融过程中水热迁移数值模拟

利用土壤冻融过程的水热传输方程,模拟了饱和土壤冻融的年变化过程,分析了土壤冻结深度的年变化规律和水分向冻结界面迁移的特征。同时亦对影响土壤冻结深度的温度因子做了探讨。     

骨骼肌肌浆网在收缩潜伏期内的超微结构形态变化

采用双向红外线探测器－计算机控制的电刺激与超低温快速冷冻固定同步技术对被电刺激后的骨骼肌作快速冷冻固定,采用透射电镜对电刺激后０．８ｍｓ,５．６ｍｓ,８．４ｍｓ及完全舒张时的蟾蜍腓肠肌超微结构变化进行了对比研究。骨骼肌组织在电刺激后０．８ｍｓ,５．６ｍｓ及８．４ｍｓ时发现肌浆网的前端,膜产生两个圆孔,而在骨骼肌处于全舒张时,肌浆网膜并无此形态结构。骨骼肌兴奋－收缩偶联发生时,发现肌浆网近Ｔ－管端的膜产生两个圆孔,而骨骼肌处于全舒张时,肌浆网膜也无此形态结构;骨骼肌收缩时出现的肌浆网膜小孔是否与肌浆网内某种物质（引起钙离子释放的某种未知物质？钙流？）在肌组织收缩时的转运或释放有关？     

稻螟蛉发育起点温度,有效积温和过冷却点的研究

在恒温条件下测定了稻螟蛉各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。试验表明：在14,19,24,28,32℃恒温处理下,全世代发育历期分别为56．750,41．179,32．696,22．986,16．334d。全世代发育起点温度为9．39℃。有效积温为395．31d℃;测定了各虫态的过冷却点和结冰点。其越冬蛹的过冷却点为-27．65℃、结冰点为-22．56℃,证实了稻螟蛉可以蛹态在沈阳地区越冬。     

中华蜜蜂精液的冷冻贮存技术(英文)

中华蜜蜂精液在液氮（－ １９６ ℃） 中贮存１２１ ｄ,精液与含有８％ 二甲亚砜的三羟基氨基甲烷缓冲稀释液以１∶１．５ 混合,不用平衡,在广口保温瓶中距液氮面２ ｃｍ 或５ ｃｍ 处预冻,在３５～３９ ℃水浴中解冻,可产生较好的解冻后活力比率（超过６０％ ）．当室温高于２０ ℃时（４ 月份）,样本必须于１３ ℃下平衡０．５ ｈ 左右,其解冻后活力比率可达３０％ ．春季采集并冷冻的样本,其解冻后活力不如冬季采集并冷冻的．用在液氮中贮存了１～１２１ ｄ 的精液分别以 ４～５ μ Ｌ的剂量给 ２４ 只处女王人工授精,４ 只开产但首先产的不是受精卵．解冻后的精液能够于１３ ℃下保存４６ ｈ．磺胺不能用于精子冷冻．     

冷冻技术在昆虫标本制作中的应用研究

指出了昆虫标本制作是许多农林高校、职业技术学院病虫防治专业课以及中、小学生物课学习中必不可少的一项实践性教学环节。通过多年的实践和探索,总结出了一整套利用冷冻技术采集、制作和保存昆虫标本的新方法。新方法在诸多方面优于传统方法,安全、卫生、不脱色、不易被虫蛀、简单、方便、野外采集更加能体现其优势。此方法可应用于多种生物标本的制作中,为相关高校以及中、小学的昆虫标本采集制作开辟了一条新的途径。     

饲料脂肪水平对江黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能的影响

研究了饲料中脂肪水平对江黄颡鱼幼鱼(平均体重0.44g)生长性能的影响。实验共设5个水平组,饲料脂肪水平分别为3.77%,4.82%,7.29%,8.37%,9.87%。每组20尾,3个平行,饲养66d。结果显示:随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,江黄颡鱼幼鱼的饲料系数呈上升趋势,蛋白质效率则呈下降趋势,增重率和特定生长率呈抛物线变化,但饲料系数和蛋白质效率差异不显著(P0.05),增重率和特定生长率差异显著(P0.05)。江黄颡鱼幼鱼肝脏中脂肪的蓄积量随饲料中脂肪水平的增加而增加。综合各项指标并分析增重率、特定生长率与脂肪水平的回归性关系,可以推测江黄颡鱼幼鱼期的饲料脂肪水平应该维持在7.59%~7.65%。     

热处理对肉类蛋白质构的影响

加热作为最传统的肉熟化和杀菌手段,在今后的水产及畜禽肉加工产业中将依旧占主导地位。作者简述了肌肉蛋白的组成和结构,讨论了不同来源肌肉蛋白在加热过程中的变性行为。水生及陆生来源的肌肉中,大部分肌浆蛋白在40℃~60℃之间聚集,但对一些肌浆蛋白来说,加热到90℃才凝固。溶液中肌原纤维蛋白在30℃~32℃开始展开,在36℃~40℃蛋白质—蛋白质开始结合,在45℃~50℃产生凝胶化(conc.>0.5重量%)。在53℃~63℃的温度下,胶原蛋白开始变性,随后胶原纤维发生收缩。如果胶原纤维不能通过耐热分子间键稳定,则它在进一步加热时溶解并形成胶状。此外,作者还概述了不同种类肌肉蛋白在加热过程中的结构变化及其对质地品质的影响。对于一般完整肌肉的肉块,一定温度的热处理后,显微组织收缩,肌节长度缩短,持水性降低,韧性发生1次或者2次的跃升。鱼糜制品、汉堡肉饼及乳化香肠等碎肉产品,因加工工艺影响,肌肉系统的结构大幅改变。鱼糜制品形成过程较畜禽肌肉复杂;鱼类肌肉中盐溶性蛋白在加热作用下通过分子间二硫键、疏水作用力、氢键等等的作用,包裹水分重新形成立体网状结构,成为具有凝胶特性的鱼糜制品。通常畜禽类肌肉没有鱼糜凝胶形成的能力强。与乳化香肠相比,汉堡肉整体纤维和纤维碎片的出现率更高,其含量高达50%~70%,导致受热后收缩程度更大。乳化香肠中,因肌肉彻底粉碎搅拌因而肌原纤维蛋白被抽提出,在加热时产生密集的蛋白质网络—凝胶,通过毛细管作用力可有效地保持水分。了解不同种类肉蛋白质在烹饪过程中的结构变化以及质构品质变化机理,可为制定更合理的肉类加工方式提供理论依据。     

Sperm cryopreservation of the noble Scallop Chlamys nobilis by a programmable freezing method: Effect of cryoprotectant

A study on Chlamys nobilis sperm cryopreservation by a programmable freezing method was conducted under laboratory condition. Four cryoprotectant agents (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], methanol [MET], propanediol[PG] and ethylene glycol [EG]) and four concentrations (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%) were evaluated for their ability to retain sperm motility, movement characteristics and fertility. Results showed that cryopreserved sperm total motility produced by DMSO and MET at 5%, 10% and 20% were higher than other cryoprotectant treatment groups (CPA groups), as well as rapid sperm percentage. The curvilinear (VCL) and straight line (VSL) velocity produced by DMSO at 5% significantly higher than other CPA groups (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were found for average path (VAP) velocity. The lateral head displacement (ALH) in all CPA groups was similar and without significant difference (p > 0.05), as well as the beat‐cross frequency (BCF). A significant higher fertilization rate was produced in DMSO than that in MET at same concentration (p < 0.05), and no significant differences were found for differing concentrations of the same cryoprotectant (p > 0.05). Overall, 5%‐20% DMSO was more suitable for Chlamys nobilis sperm programmable cryopreservation when the calcium‐free Hanks’ balanced salt solution was used as the extender, and 10°C/min from 0°C to ?80°C was used as freezing rate. The findings presented in this study will benefit conservation programs for Chlamys nobilis.     

冻结方式和冻藏条件对冻藏水蜜桃果浆品质的影响

为了探究冻结方式和储藏条件对冻藏水蜜桃果浆品质的影响,本文分别检测了在气流速冻和液浸速冻、-10℃和-18℃储藏、有无静电场辅助冻藏的加工储藏条件下水蜜桃果浆色泽、含酸量、含糖量、果胶含量、酚含量等指标的变化。结果表明:冻藏的前15天解冻,水蜜桃果浆的酸、酚含量均大量降低;液浸速冻可以更好地保持果浆色泽、含酸量、果胶含量和酚类物质含量;与-18℃冻藏的水蜜桃相比,-10℃储藏的水蜜桃果浆除含糖量外,其他营养损失较大;储藏时施加静电场可以减少总酸、总糖、总酚、果胶含量的损失,并能有效抑制果胶酶活力。总体来看,经90 d冻藏之后,水蜜桃果浆仍然能保持较好的品质;液浸速冻加工后,在静电场辅助下于-18℃冻藏的水蜜桃果浆具有更好的品质。