Analysis of historic landscape patterns with a Geographical Information System — a methodological outline

Various methods for storing, retrieving, and analyzing historic land use records by means of electronic data processing are evaluated. The procedures are illustrated with data from a pilot study on the Swiss Plateau which is part of a broader landscape historical monitoring program at the Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. The land use matrix was derived from topographic maps, aerial photographs and other land use records and spans approximately 100 yrs with an updating cycle of 7 to 20 yrs. A special technique was developed to generate series of digital maps and to superimpose the data layers of various time steps. Each landscape element is described with time-stamped attributes to ensure access to the entire life history from any point in space or time. The proposed data model proved to be a powerful tool for routine updating of digital maps. It can be used by practitioners as well as scientists working with Geographical Information Systems (ARC/INFO or similar package). With this procedure, disturbance maps over any number of available updates can be quickly generated, allowing the user to identify zones of similar degrading or upgrading tendency. The procedures for analyzing changing landscape structures include calculation of information theoretic indices (diversity, dominance), calculation of fractals, edge analysis, as well as landscape assessment along random traverses. The latter proved to be especially powerful, where barrier/habitat frequencies were evaluated. On the basis of all parameters calculated, landscape structures on the study plot seem to be ecologically most favorable in the 1930's followed by a strong degradation in the World War II - and the post-World War II period. In contrast to many hypotheses, the landscape structures in the second half of the 19th century were structurally less favorable than between 1900 and 1930.     

Effect of extreme acid and alkali treatment on pore properties of soil samples

Samples of six Polish and three Korean soils were acidified and alkalized with elevated concentrations of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide from 0.001 to 1 mol dm^—3. The pore system of the studied soils was investigated using mercury intrusion (”︁macropores”) and water vapor adsorption (”︁mesopores”) experiments. The characteristics of the pores and their surfaces were very sensitive against acid and alkaline treatments. The macropore volume and radii increased in general with increasing of the concentrations of the treatment solutions. The macropore surface of all the clay rich soils exhibited a fractal behavior. The ranges of fractal scaling differed for particular soils. Macropore surface fractal dimensions changed under both treatments. For a given soil, the macropore fractal dimensions changed in the same direction under the effect of acid as under alkali. Both treatments decreased the mesopore volumes of Polish and increased the mesopore volumes of Korean soils. However, this was not true for two of Korean soils after extreme alkali treatments. In general, the average mesopore radius increased under lower treatments concentrations and decreased under higher concentrations. The mesopores were also fractal. The range of their fractal scaling was different for the Polish and Korean soils and roughly the same within each group. The fractal dimension of the mesopores decreased after acid treatment showing a smoothing of the material porous surface. Alkaline treatment affected the mesopore fractal dimension to a lower extent. A slight rise of the mesopore fractal dimension was noted in most cases.<?show $6#>     

中国省际耕地利用效率时空格局分异与机制分析

科学剖析省际耕地资源利用效率时空格局分异及机制,对推进省际耕地资源集约利用具有重要的理论及实践意义。该文以中国省域(除港、澳、台)作为研究案例区,从投入和产出2个维度构建指标体系,运用改进DEA(data envelopment analysis)模型测度1994—2012年中国省域单元耕地利用效率值;综合利用ESDA(exploratory spatial data analysis)关联模型、R/S(rescaled range analysis)分形模型等方法分析省际耕地利用效率时空格局分异特征,并通过Tobit回归模型揭示效率时空分异的驱动机制。结果表明:1994—2012年中国省际耕地利用效率DEA最优比例相对较小,空间表征出东部高、中西部低的分布格局;东部沿海、北部沿海、东北地区综合效率较高,呈上升发展趋势,技术效率与综合效率变化较相似,而规模效率呈现先上升后下降态势;全局上省际耕地利用效率呈现空间正自相关,以空间集聚为主要分布模式;局部上可划分4种类型:H-H(high-high)效率区、H-L(high-low)效率区、L-H(low-high)效率区、L-L(low-low)效率区,其中H-H效率区主要分布在长三角、京津地区,并逐渐向珠三角演化,而L-L效率区主要集聚在中国西北地区;未来省际耕地利用效率将表现出继续增长的分形特征,且增长高值区集聚在中国东部、北部沿海;经济发展水平、农业科技进步是影响效率空间分异的重要因素,自然环境条件是效率发展差异的基础因素,而农户自身特征也会对效率时空分异产生一定冲击;最后,从推动技术进步、调整产业结构、耕地整理流转、补偿激励机制等方面提出省际耕地集约利用政策建议。     

红层软岩崩解性的灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联度法对红层软岩的粒度分形特征以及矿物、化学成分试验数据与其崩解性进行了关联分析.分析发现,与成分相比,红层软岩的粒度分布分形特征参数与崩解特性具有更高的关联度,表明沉积形成时的环境决定了成岩后的红层软岩崩解性强弱.因为红层软岩中蒙脱石含量少,因此在各种成分中伊利石含量对红层软岩崩解性影响最大,说明水理特性不稳定的矿物含量始终是影响软岩崩解的主要因素.     

The spatial pattern of a northern conifer-hardwood landscape

A geographic information system, fractal analyses, and statistical methods were used to examine the spatial distributions of old growth hemlock, northern hardwood, mixed hardwood/hemlock stands and wetlands with respect to each other and also soils and topography. Greater than 80% of the stands of any covertype were less than 20 ha in area. Nearly pure hemlock and northern hardwood stands were associated with soils having a fragipan, while mixed hardwood/hemlock stands were associated with sandier soils. Hemlock stands were distributed independently of hardwood and mixed hardwood/hemlock stands, but hardwood and mixed hardwood/hemlock stands were usually surrounded by hemlock. Bogs and lakes were usually surrounded by hemlock stands and are distributed independently of hardwood stands. The shapes of all stands vary from extremely simple to extremely complex, with a general tendency for hemlock stands to be more convoluted than hardwoods. The analyses suggest segregation across soil types and a disturbance regime favoring the establishment of hardwoods and mixed hardwood/hemlock stands in a hemlock matrix as reasons for the origin of the observed spatial patterns.     

气化过程中谷壳焦颗粒孔隙结构及分形特性的演化

为了深入揭示生物质焦在气化反应中的行为变化及反应机理,该文利用氮气物理吸附法和扫描电镜等技术研究了气化过程中谷壳焦颗粒孔隙结构和表面形态的演化,并用分形维数描述了焦颗粒内部孔隙表面形态的复杂程度。结果表明,谷壳气化焦的吸附特性曲线在整体上均呈现出II型等温线特征,表明焦颗粒具有较为连续和完整的孔分布系统。随着气化反应的进行,谷壳焦的BET比表面积和微孔比表面积均呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,并在气化转化率为48.6%时取得最大值210.45和147.14m2/g。孔容积的变化规律与比表面积相近。随着气化转化率的增大,焦颗粒的平均孔径迅速减小,在转化率为35.4%时达到最小值2.94nm,之后稍有增大。分形FHH(Frenkel-Halsey-Hill)模型适用于生物质气化焦颗粒孔隙表面分形特征的研究。气化过程中焦颗粒孔隙表面分形维数的变化趋势与平均孔径的变化趋势相反,两者呈现出较好的线性关系。研究结果可为实际生物质气化过程的数值模拟和运行参数的优化等提供参考。     

Identifying structural self-similarity in mountainous landscapes

Digital elevation model data were used to partition a mountainous landscape (northwestern Montana, USA) into watershed/hillslope terrain units at several different spatial scales. Fractal analysis of the perimeter to area relationships of the resulting partition polygons identified statistical self-similarity across a range of spatial scales (approximately four orders of magnitude in partition area). The fractal dimension was higher for a relatively complex fluvially-dominated terrain than for a structurally simpler glacially-dominated terrain (1.23 vs. 1.02, respectively). The structural self-similarity exhibited by this landscape has direct implications in scaling up ecosystem process models for landscape to regional simulations.     

黄河中游清涧河流域土地利用空间结构和分形模型

为了揭示黄河中游土地利用的空间差异和迁移情况,该文以清涧河流域为例,基于遥感和GIS技术,通过土地利用重心迁移和分形理论对土地类型的空间演变情况进行分析,并构建各地类空间分布形态的分形结构模型。结果表明,1990年至2009年清涧河流域土地利用重心有明显的迁移;农业用地和水域的重心向西南方向迁移,在该方向水域重心迁移比较大,达到7205.85m;林地、建设用地和未利用土地重心向东南方向迁移,在该方向建设用地重心迁移距离最大,达到7421.89m;草地重心向西北方向迁移3546.38m。1990年至2009年,除水域外,其他土地类型分维数有所下降,表明该区域土地类型景观的复杂性降低,稳定性提高。自然因素对该区域土地利用空间变化起到一定的推动作用,人类活动干扰则是主要驱动因素。该文将为生态恢复区合理地土地利用规划和集约化利用土地资源提供科学依据。