食品安全标准的贸易效应分析——以中国农产品出口为例

食品安全标准已经成为中国农产品出口的主要障碍。运用扩展引力模型,使用面板数据分析了食品安全标准对中国农产品出口的影响。结果表明,短期内,食品安全标准抑制贸易,长期内则促进贸易。因此,应充分理解食品安全标准对中国农产品出口的潜在影响,短期内可开拓食品安全标准较宽松的市场,使出口市场多元化;长期内需要不断提高产品的质量水平。     

兽医服务在食品安全中的作用

针对兽医服务的职能,结合兽医服务在食品安全中的作用,对兽医从传统到现在的职能转变作一综述。     

华北地区不同农田景观格局下天敌昆虫和鸟类对玉米蚜的控制作用

农业集约化形成的农田景观格局影响鸟类和天敌昆虫多样性的形成、维持及其控害功能。为明确景观生境对玉米田鸟类和天敌昆虫及其玉米害虫种群的影响,本研究以5种不同生境比例的农田景观为对象,分析了不同生境比例下鸟类、天敌昆虫种群数量及其对主要害虫玉米蚜的控制作用。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫和草蛉在非玉米田生境比例20%的农田景观中种群数量最多,而异色瓢虫在生境比例30%的农田景观中种群数量最多;生境比例为15%、20%、30%和40%的农田景观分别有利于涵养白头鹎和斑鸠、麻雀、喜鹊和家燕、戴胜;且玉米蚜累计数量以生境比例30%的农田景观最低。排除鸟类与天敌的笼罩试验发现,鸟类与天敌通过直接取食或者干扰生态位生境条件,对玉米蚜的控制效果明显,以非玉米生境比例为20%的农田景观可涵养更多的天敌昆虫和减少玉米蚜发生,提高农田景观对玉米害虫的生物控制作用。     

A brief history of wheat utilization in China

Wheat is one of the most important crops in both China and the world, and its domestication can be traced back to ~10000 years ago. However, the history of its origin and utilization in China remains highly ambiguous. Drawing upon the most recent results of taxonomic, genetic, archeological and textual studies focused on the wheat in prehistory, this paper argues that wheat was not domesticated but introduced into China in the late fifth millennium BP. In the subsequent centuries, this exotic crop was quickly utilized as a staple food in northwest China. In contrast, it was not adopted as a staple in the Central Plains until the Han Dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), which was mainly as a consequence of the living environment, population and innovations in food processing technology.     

Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.     

仿蛛网农田无线传感器网络抗毁性量化指标体系构建

为解决传统抗毁性量化指标无法准确描述网络组件失效的耦合关系和全局作用,难以有效归纳、继承蛛网抗毁性机制与规律的问题,该文提出了一套基于节点平均路径数和节点、链路平均使用次数的人工蛛网模型抗毁性量化指标体系,评测失效网络组件的全网影响度和权重等指标。仿真试验表明该指标体系可有效量化评价不同规模的人工蛛网模型的抗毁性,测评各网络组件的抗毁性权重占比,其中,节点、弦链、辐链分别占50%、39.44%、10.56%,同时与传统抗毁性量化指标相比,该文提出的指标具有独特的优势。田间试验结果表明节点遭受不同程度损坏时,仿蛛网部署仍可通过备用链路进行数据传输,相较非交叠分簇部署、栅格部署具有更优的抗毁性。人工蛛网模型抗毁性量化分析可为优化农田无线传感器网络部署,实现规模化可靠应用提供参考。     

以不同蚜虫为食的龟纹瓢虫生长发育和繁殖规律研究

本文使用不同蚜虫（棉花型棉蚜、瓜型棉蚜、高粱蚜、豆蚜和绣线菊蚜）和不同蚜虫种类混合群体（棉蚜：高粱蚜=1：3、棉蚜：高粱蚜=1：1、棉蚜：高粱蚜：3：1）饲喂龟纹瓢虫的幼虫和成虫,观察其生长发育与繁殖规律。试验结果表明,不同蚜虫饲料中以饲喂高梁蚜时龟纹瓢虫的世代历期最短,为15d,其它的在17．4～19d;10d的单雌累计产卵量最多为143粒;成虫鲜重最高,雌虫为8．93mg,雄虫为6．58mg,其他4种蚜虫饲料间没有显著差异。饲喂不同蚜虫种类混合群体比单一饲喂高粱蚜时1龄幼虫的存活率有显著提高。综合考虑,高梁蚜是龟纹瓢虫的最佳食物,在低龄幼虫期辅以饲喂棉蚜,更有利于龟纹瓢虫种群数量增加。     

Seroepidemiology and genotyping of hepatitis E virus in Singapore reveal rise in number of cases and similarity of human strains to those detected in pig livers

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes 20 million infections worldwide yearly, of which only about 3.3 million are symptomatic. In developed Asian countries, HEV strains detected in human sera and in food sources were genetically similar, suggesting that indigenous HEV infections may be largely food‐borne. To assess the burden of hepatitis E in Singapore, we performed a seroepidemiologic study of the infection. Additionally, we carried out HEV genotyping on archived, residual HEV IgM‐positive serum samples collected between 2014 and 2016 (n = 449), and on pig liver samples (n = 36) purchased from wet markets and supermarkets. Our study shows a rise in hepatitis E incidence (IgM) from 1.7 to 4.1 cases per 100,000 resident population from 2012 to 2016 and an increase in hepatitis E IgG positivity rate among residents from 14% in 2007 to 35% in 2016. Other findings also suggest the epidemiology of hepatitis E in Singapore has shifted, from it being mainly a disease imported from the Indian subcontinent, to one that is now increasingly prevalent in our resident population. Genotypes obtained from 143 human samples identified the majority to be genotype 3 (n = 121), 21 to be genotype 1 and one to be genotype 4. Further phylogenetic analyses suggest genotype 3a to be the cause of indigenous infections in residents, which showed genetic similarity to the genotype 3a strains detected in pig livers. This link between the strains in the majority of human samples and those in pig livers consumed by the public suggests a possible food‐borne route of HEV infection in Singapore.     

番茄纸的增稠工艺研究

通过对番茄纸成品进行感官鉴定，研究了不同增筒工艺对番茄纸质量的影响。结果表明：在每100g番茄浆料中添加0.2g海藻酸钠、0.1g明胶和1.0g淀粉进行复合协同增稠，最有利于提高产品质量。     

农药残留对食品安全的影响及其控制措施

从农药、农药残留和食品安伞的定义出发,论述了农药的利与弊、农药残留对食品安全的影响,分析了食品中农药残留的来源,最后有针对性地提出控制农药残留的措施和确保食品安全的对策.