基于碳平衡的中国海洋渔业产业发展对策探析

低碳是海洋生态文明建设的重要特征之一,海洋渔业碳平衡是转变传统海洋经济发展方式,促进海洋生态健康发展的有效途径。限定和分析了海洋捕捞渔业碳排放与海水贝藻养殖碳汇内容及核算方法,并综合两部分内容整体探讨中国海洋渔业碳平衡状态,利用2010年和2014年数据进行了区域特征分析,结果显示,现阶段我国相关沿海省份海洋渔业处于碳赤字状态,浙江省的碳赤字规模最大;2007-2014年海洋渔业碳平衡状态长期趋势拟合结果显示,我国海洋渔业碳赤字特征正在以平均每年1.58万t的规模缩小。最后,从渔船装备升级与节能技术产品应用、调整海洋捕捞渔业生产结构和提高海水贝藻养殖碳汇角度提出对策建议,以期尽快实现海洋渔业碳平衡。     

Using ecological indicators in the context of an ecosystem approach to fisheries for data-limited fisheries

The tenets of ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) now occupy centre stage in our efforts to maintain the sustainability of fisheries and rebuild marine ecosystems. The paper discusses how an EAF can be adopted for data limited fisheries and uses the northern South China Sea fishery as an example to demonstrate the selection and use of indicators for determining the states of the fishery and its relevant ecosystem to provide advice on management. Implementing EAF management requires indicators and models that address the impact of fishing across entire ecological communities and determine management actions to be taken to achieve the preset objectives according to decision rules. Data limited fisheries necessarily have limited resources for data collection and scientific studies and therefore could not support complex models. To overcome the data limitation and absence of modelling support, simple indicators have to be used to assess the current state and monitor changes of the fishery and its ecosystem. Such indicators should: (1) be observable and understandable by all stakeholders, (2) be based on easily obtainable and reliable data, (3) adequately reflect the condition of the resource, and (4) have associated reference values and responsive management measures. The paper also reviews the recent development and use of indicators and harvest strategies in both conventional and EAF management to better understand the differences and to shed light on the challenges of EAF, in particular for data limited fisheries.     

Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea

During the past few decades, the Black Sea has been subjected to various human impacts that have led to changes in the ecology of this inland sea. River runoff has introduced high levels of certain heavy metals and other toxic substances as well as detergents. Ship traffic has led to the introduction of new species, and fishing pressures have also altered the ecology of the area.
This paper reviews major ecological changes over the past 40 years. An increase in nutrients has caused eutrophication, with outbursts of phytoplankton blooms and changes in the species composition of these algae. Small-sized zooplankton species and gelatinous zooplankton have become more common, while many of the herbivorous copepods have decreased in abundance or have disappeared. The introduction of the predatory ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the 1980s has had significant impact on the plankton community and has led to a sharp decline in anchovy stocks. Decreased water transparency has led to a loss of macrophytic algae, except in shallow waters, and to a subsequent decline in the zoobenthos associated with this flora. Eutrophication has also led to decreased oxygen concentrations in the near-bottom water due to large amounts of decomposing phytoplankton, and regions of hypoxia and anoxia now appear on the shelf, with consequent reduction in benthic populations of invertebrates and demersal fish. The numbers of fish species harvested commercially have fallen from 26 to 5, but the total catch has increased, owing to increases in abundance of small fish (e.g., sprat) and horse mackerel, and to increased fishing effort.     

K型网目对渔用乙纶网片拉伸力学性能的影响

以网片断裂强力、网片断裂伸长率和网片断裂强力保持率为指标，研究了不同K型网目对渔用乙纶网片拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明：K型网目下网目内径之比在1.01～1．20时，网片断裂强力随着网目内径之比的增大而下降，两者呈密函数相关。同规格线的网片，K型网目下且两网目内径之比相同时，小规格网目尺寸的网片断裂强力损失小，断裂伸长率高，而大规格网目尺寸的网片断裂强力损失大．断裂伸长率低。     

鱼类趋光行为对光照特征的响应研究进展

不同海洋鱼类对光照响应的敏感性存在差异,为掌握鱼类对光的趋避反应规律,本文综述了海洋及部分淡水鱼类,对光谱频率、光照强度和光照时间等因素的响应机制,结果表明：（1）鱼类对光色的选择性存在差异,中上层鱼类对于红、黄色光波有正趋性,而底层鱼类对于蓝、绿色光波具有正趋性;（2）光照强度在水体中随深度的增加而减小,弱光环境对中底层鱼类更具吸引性;（3）过高或过低的光照均会使鱼类产生应激反应,影响鱼类游泳行为和摄食活动;（4）随光照时间延长,鱼类行为变化过程主要表现为初期应激反应、中期明适应过程和后期行为稳定特征。（5）建议加强鱼类行为对光源和渔具的响应机理研究,利用鱼类对光行为反应,诱集或驱赶鱼群,为实现生态友好型捕捞奠定基础。