省级农业科研院所创新能力评价指标体系构建

文章探讨了省级农业科研院所创新能力评价指标的选取原则,从科研创新基础能力、科研创新投入能力、科研创新产出能力、科研成果转移转化能力4个方面构建了评价指标体系,并提出评价计算方法,为省级农业科研院所科学评价科研创新能力提供参考。     

农业用水定价政策绩效评估研究进展

阐述了国内外农业用水定价政策绩效评估的研究进展。国外研究方面,从绩效评估基本理论出发,在介绍公共政策绩效评估方法的基础上,对农业用水定价政策绩效评估取得的研究成果进行论述;国内研究方面,首先从我国农业用水现状和农业水价定价机制上进行分析,然后就农业水价对农业生产绩效影响的研究成果进行探讨,最后综述分析国内外研究成果,提出了农业用水定价政策绩效评估有待深入研究的若干议题。     

Participatory varietal selection in rice in Nepal in favourable agricultural environments – A comparison of two methods assessed by varietal adoption

Two participatory approaches to varietal selection were compared in February-sown (Chaite) rice and main-season rice in high potential production systems in Nepal. One method, called farmer managed participatory research (FAMPAR), was researcher intensive, while the other, called informal research and development (IRD), demanded fewer resources. The trials were conducted in 18 villages in high potential production systems in Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts of Nepal. Six new varieties of Chaite rice and 16 of main-season rice were tested in over 300 trials of Chaite rice and nearly 1100 trials of main-season rice over two years in 1997 and 1998. Surveys were done in 1997, 1998 and 1999 to record the extent of adoption and spread of the new rice varieties in the study villages. In many cases, farmers tested varieties for two years before deciding whether to adopt or drop them. Varieties were quite widely accepted, adopted for niches in a few villages, or rejected. The two participatory approaches identified the same varieties, but FAMPAR, which used formal survey methods, was more useful for diagnosing reasons for adoption or rejection. However, IRD used much cheaper anecdotal methods of evaluation, so it was more cost-effective. Moreover,farmer-to-farmer seed dissemination was higher in IRD villages, probably because farmers in FAMPAR villages felt that the project would re-supply seed if needed. The benefits from both approaches are considerable, but to adopt them substantial policy changes in varietal testing, release and extension systems will be required. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Revisiting rice breeding methods – evaluating the use of rapid generation advance (RGA) for routine rice breeding

Rice production needs to increase in the future in order to meet increasing demands. The development of new improved and higher yielding varieties more quickly will be needed to meet this demand. However, most rice breeding programmes in the world have not changed in several decades. In this article, we revisit the evidence in favour of using rapid generation advance (RGA) as a routine breeding method. We describe preliminary activities at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to re-establish RGA on a large scale as the main breeding method for irrigated rice breeding. We also describe experiences from the early adoption at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Evaluation of RGA breeding lines at IRRI for yield, flowering time and plant height indicated transgressive segregation for all traits. Some RGA lines were also higher yielding than the check varieties. The cost advantages of using RGA compared to the pedigree method were also empirically determined by performing an economic analysis. This indicated that RGA is several times more cost effective and advantages will be realized after 1 year even if facilities need to be built. Based on our experience, and previous independent research empirically testing the RGA method in rice, we recommend that this method should be implemented for routine rice breeding in order to improve breeding efficiency.     

Challenges in developing and implementing a decision support systems (ETÇAP) in forest management planning: a case study in Honaz and Ibradı, Turkey

Decision support systems (DSSs) are indispensable tools in preparing a forest management plan for a better combination of multiple forest values. This study attempted to develop and explain a stand-based forest management DSS (Ecosystem-based multiple-use forest planning [ETÇAP]) comprising a traditional simulation, linear programming (LP), metaheuristics and geographic information system. The model consists of five submodels; traditional management approach to handle inventory data, an empirical growth and yield model, a simulation to conceptualize management actions, a LP technique to optimize resource allocation and a simulated annealing approach to directly create a spatially feasible harvest schedule. The ETÇAP model has been implemented in a comparative two case study areas; Denizli–Honaz and Akseki–Ibrad?. Both simulation and optimization models outperformed to the traditional management plan. The periodical change of growing stock, allowable cuts, carbon sequestration and water production are used as performance indicators. The results showed that more amount of wood could be harvested over time compared to traditional level of harvesting. It could be concluded that various management strategies allowed managers to stimulate more decision options for better outputs through intertemporal trade-offs of management interventions as the model provided tools to quantify forest dynamics over time and space. Challenges exist to establish the functional relationships between forest structure and values for better quantification and integration into the management plans.     

城市林业的研究现状与发展

简述城市林业的兴起与发展、概念与范围,以及城市林业的效益和国内外在城市林业方面的研究现状,论述我国城市林业的发展趋势。     

论农业科研单位图书馆数字化建设存在的问题与对策

随着计算机网络技术的高速发展,数字化图书馆已成为农业科研单位图书馆发展的必然趋势,通过对农业科研单位图书馆数字化建设方面存在的问题进行详细阐述,提出图书馆数字化建设的策略和提高电子信息资源利用率的措施,即转变思想观念、加大图书馆数字化建设的投资力度、开发馆藏资源、加强图书馆人才队伍建设,以期为农业科研单位图书馆数字化建设提供一定参考依据。     

农业科研院所科技宣传工作面临的新挑战及其对策

在概述农业科研院所科技宣传工作发展现状的基础上,针对农业科技成果日趋复杂深奥、大众对农产品质量安全日益关注、受众不断分化、新媒体迅猛发展等当前面临的新挑战,提出了新形势下应从加强科普解读、及时回应公众关切、分众采取差异化策略、加快新媒体应用等4个方面推进农业科技宣传工作的对策措施。     

内控视角下农业科研事业单位预算绩效管理优化研究

农业科研事业单位的长久稳定发展离不开预算绩效管理的有效开展,作为内部控制建设的重要业务领域,预算绩效管理与内部控制目标一致且相辅相成。文章阐述了内部控制与预算绩效管理之间的关系,分析了农业科研事业单位在预算绩效管理过程存在的问题,并从内部控制视角提出了一系列举措,旨在为农业科研事业单位进一步优化预算绩效管理、提升内部管理水平提供借鉴。     

围栏封育在藏北高寒退化草地恢复中的效果研究

通过对西藏安多典型退化草地围栏,研究围栏对植被特征、地下生物量、地下种子库以及多样性等方面的影响。结果表明:经过围栏封育后草地植物高度、盖度、产量均有不同程度的提高。植物多样性有所增加,植被优势种差异较为显著。植物群落地下生物量变化幅度较大,经过围栏草地0～10 cm地下生物量增加明显。土壤种子库测定表明,围栏实验地种子总数明显高于围栏外,且增加的种子数主要分布在0～5 cm的土层中。