芥菜AGL18家族成员与开花整合子SOC1的互作分析

为阐明芥菜开花抑制因子AGL18与开花整合子SOC1间的互作调控机制,在芥菜‘QJ’的开花期克隆了AGL18-1,幼苗期克隆了AGL18-2和AGL18-3,它们分别编码257、257和258个氨基酸,为AGL18家族的3个成员。序列比对表明,芥菜AGL18家族成员与十字花科芜菁和油菜同源性均高达90%。酵母双杂交和BiFC试验表明:芥菜AGL18-1、AGL18-2和AGL18-3蛋白与SOC1不会发生蛋白相互作用。酵母单杂交和Dual-Glo~ Luciferase试验表明:AGL18-1、AGL18-2和AGL18-3中仅有花期AGL18-1蛋白与SOC1启动子间存在互作。为进一步筛选AGL18-1/SOC1的互作区域,分别截取了AGL18-1蛋白的M域和IKC域,发现仅M域与SOC1启动子存在相互作用,说明M域是介导花期AGL18-1蛋白与SOC1启动子互作的关键区域。这为深入研究AGL18与SOC1互作的分子机制及其对开花时间的调控奠定了基础。     

不同营养调控剂对荷斯坦公牛增重效果的影响

选取42头体重相近的荷斯坦公牛，随机分为7组，每组6头。对照组饲喂基础日粮，调控剂A1、A2、A3组在基础日粮中添加营养调控剂A，添加剂量分别为2g／（d·头）、5g／（d·头）和8g／（d·头）。调控剂B1、B2、B3组在基础日粮中添加营养调控剂B，添加剂量分别为2g／（d·头）、5g／（d·头）和8g／（d·头）。试验结果表明，调控剂A2组和调控剂B2组的平均日增重与对照组相比，分别增加了0．19kg和0．20kg，差异显著（P〈0．05）；以上两组的平均日收入与对照组相比，分别增加了3．57元和3．82元。结果表明，营养调控剂A和营养调控#IB在荷斯坦公牛日粮中添加剂量为5g／（d·头）时，可以促进公牛的增重，提高经济效益。     

控制汉江丹江口-王甫洲区间伊乐藻的生态调度及其效果评估

为科学有效控制汉江丹江口至王甫洲区间伊乐藻过度生长繁殖,研究生态调度的实施效果。采用生物量调查法、分布面积统计法、数学模型模拟法分别分析评价生态调度实施前后总生物量的变化情况,分布面积的变化情况,以及对丹江口水库下泄流量的需求。结果表明,连续三年实施生态调度,伊乐藻总生物量由2019年的4.8万t减少至2022年的40.11t,分布面积由11.60 km₂^减少至0.23km2,减幅均达到了95%以上, 伊乐藻生物量占沉水植物总生物的比重从99.99%减少至17%,生态调度效果较好。春季生态调度应重点从增加流量极值比出发进行中度干扰,夏秋季生态调度重点从满足0.14m/s临界流速出发进行大流速冲刷。     

Impacts of agricultural land use changes on pesticide use in French agriculture

Public policies seeking to regulate pesticide use must be based on a clear identification of the factors influencing such use. Since the agricultural use of pesticides is primarily crop-dependent, agricultural land use change is potentially an important driver of the overall level of pesticide use in a given country. In this paper, we investigate the influence of agricultural land use changes on pesticide use in French agriculture over the period 1989–2013, during which important changes in the Common Agricultural Policy took place. Toward that end, we developed a method allowing the direct effects of agricultural land use changes to be disentangled from other factors affecting the intensity of pesticide use. On the basis of standard protection programs defined by crop protection experts, a fixed pesticide use intensity is estimated for 19 annual and perennial crops representing 90% of French arable land area and the bulk of pesticide use in French agriculture. These coefficients, combined with national agricultural land use statistics, are used to construct an artificial index of pesticide use in France whose variations depend solely on changes in agricultural land use. This index is calculated over the period 1989–2013. Our results indicate that the direct impacts of agricultural land use changes on pesticide use in France have varied depending on the time period considered, reflecting the influence of public regulations, notably the compulsory set-aside policy in force during the 1990s, and market conditions, particularly the context of high prices for cereal grains at the end of the 2000s. Over the six years from 2008 to 2013, this index is roughly constant, indicating that the 17% increase in French pesticide use in 2013 compared to 2008 (as assessed from annual pesticide sales) cannot be even partially attributed to agricultural land use changes. Since 2000, land use changes mainly corresponded to substitutions between crops with similar per-hectare pesticide use intensities, and/or to substitutions with counterbalancing impacts on these intensities. A prospective approach shows that other types of land use changes (e.g. a massive conversion of grassland to arable land or, conversely, a strong diversification of arable crop rotations), could have much higher impacts on pesticide use, with the effect of either offsetting or reinforcing efforts to reduce pesticide use intensity in arable crops. Thus, better coordination is needed between public policies aimed at regulating pesticide use and public policies influencing land use.     

废弃茯苓栽培场人工调节栽培研究

[目的]寻求解决茯苓连作障碍的技术方法。[方法]采用调节土壤pH和添加厩肥的方法来栽培茯苓,对比废弃茯苓栽培场与新开茯苓栽培场之间、废弃茯苓栽培场中各处理之间栽培茯苓的差异。[结果]废弃茯苓栽培场调节pH和调节pH+添加厩肥的方法所产茯苓的质量均未达到新场栽培效果,平均结实率分别比新场栽培低31.7和20.0个百分点;与废弃茯苓栽培场空白相比,调节pH和调节pH+添加厩肥的方法所产茯苓的质量略好,产量分别是后者的3.4和4.4倍,平均结实率分别高41.6和53.3个百分点。[结论]调节pH和调节pH+添加厩肥的方法能够提高茯苓的质量和产量,且后者效果要优于前者,但效果有限。解决茯苓连作障碍问题必须探寻其他的技术方法。     

The role of management practices in fish kills in recreational lake fisheries in England and Wales

Abstract  In England and Wales, freshwater anglers have shifted their behaviour towards visiting catch-and-release lake fisheries that are intensively stocked, mainly of large common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to maintain high catch rates. Of 187 fish kills investigated in these intensively stocked lake fisheries in 2004 and 2005, most occurred between April and June and were mainly caused by parasitic or bacterial infections. Bacteria were usually associated with ulcerative diseases caused by strains of the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida (Emmerich & Weibel) and secondary infections of opportunistic bacteria of the Genus Aeromonas (excluding salmonicida ) and Pseudomonas . Parasites involved in fish kills included Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet), Chilodenella sp., Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy) and Argulus sp. Outbreaks were typically in fisheries with high extant stock densities (>1500 kg ha⁻¹) and sub-optimal habitats, for example of low habitat heterogeneity with few macrophytes in the littoral zone. Recent stocking was also a key factor when only carp was affected. Thus, certain fisheries management practices that aim to enhance fishery performance may instead trigger fish kills during spring.     

Long-term trends of shorebird populations in eastern Australia and impacts of freshwater extraction

Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) and their wetland habitats are under threat worldwide. While data exist for shorebird population trends for many parts of the world, two thirds of Australia’s populations have not been assessed. We report the results of a large-scale aerial shorebird survey, sampling about a third of the Australian continent over a period of 24 years (1983–2006). Migratory shorebirds have declined by 73%, Australian resident shorebirds by 81%. Of the 10 wetlands supporting the highest number of shorebirds within the survey bands, eight were inland wetlands and only two coastal, emphasising the importance of inland wetlands for shorebirds. Wetland area decreased significantly at four of the 10 main sites. Annual rainfall showed no trends (1983–2005) but water extraction was substantial for four of the 10 wetlands, contributing to reduced flooding extent and frequency. Loss of wetlands due to river regulation is a significant contributor to the drastic decline in shorebird numbers in Australia, largely unrecognized in international conservation agreements in Australia.     

Present state and perspectives for the southern Brazil shelf demersal fisheries

The demersal fish stocks in southern Brazil were assessed from landings and catchper-unit effort data trends between 1975 and 1994, available information on the life history patterns, and population dynamics of the most important species. The fishing gears, mostly otter and pair bottom trawls in the 1970s, diversified towards double-rig trawls for fish and shrimp and bottom gill nets in the mid 1980s, and bottom longlines in the upper slope in the early 1990s. There were also some less successful attempts with traps for fish and crabs. The demersal fisheries are more intensive in winter when migratory species move northward, associated with the seasonal displacement of the western boundary of the Subtropical Convergence. Landings between 1975 and 1994 were mostly of sciaenid fishes (>70%) and elasmobranchs (10%) and oscillated around 59 000 t. There was not a decrease in total landings but a shift from more to less exploited stocks. Since 1989, 4% of the landings came from depleted stocks of Pagrus pagrus (L.), Netuma barba (Lacépède), Pogonias cromis (L.) and Rhinobatos horkelli (Muller & Henle); 37% from overexploited stocks: Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest), Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, Squatina guggenheim Marini, and Galeorhinus galeus (L.); 24% from heavily exploited stocks of Umbrina canosai Berg, and Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider); and 35% of Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier) and small stocks with unclear status. The demersal fisheries are virtually unmanaged and future landings are expected to decrease if fishing pressure remains high. Effective management will require the participation of all three countries in the region because most of the stocks fished in southern Brazil are shared with Uruguay and Argentina.     

技术主体的历史变迁

工匠是古代技术发明和技术发展的主体，工程师是现代技术创造和发展的主体，工匠与工程师的分化是从近代开始的，他们二者有着各自的特点。