CPUE标准化方法与模型选择的回顾与展望

 单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch Per Unit Effort, 简称CPUE)常被假设与渔业资源量成正比关系而广泛应用于渔业资源评估与管理中, 但大量研究表明, CPUE与资源量间的正比关系常因受众多因素的影响而难以成立。为能有效利用CPUE数据, 渔业工作者常使用各种统计模型对CPUE进行标准化, 以重新构建该正比关系。因此, 在渔业资源评估与管理中, CPUE标准化是一项极为重要的基础性工作。本文对CPUE标准化的基本概念、构建过程、统计模型和模型选择方法进行了全面回顾, 并强调了模型选择的不确定性, 介绍了基于模型平均的多模型推断方法。同时, 对CPUE标准化所面临的问题及处理方法进行介绍与讨论, 对其未来研究工作进行展望, 以期为CPUE标准化研究提供理论参考。

     

公海深海底层渔业国际管理进展

以底拖网为代表的深海底层渔业对深海脆弱海洋生态系统的危害受到国际社会的热切关注。2003年以来联合国大会多次通过决议,呼吁各国各自并通过RFMO/As采取行动,根据预防性原则,采用基于生态系统的管理方法,评估深海底层渔业对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响,若评估表明确有重大不利影响,则应采取有效措施限制深海底层渔业以降低这种影响;FAO主要从技术角度制定了《公海深海渔业管理国际指南》,为管理公海深海渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统提出了技术标准和管理框架;RFMO承担着具体执行深海底层渔业管理措施和监督管理的责任,在北大西洋、地中海、南太平洋的公海和南极水域,相关RFMO已采取了暂停部分区域底拖网渔业活动、收集数据、评估底拖网对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响等措施,在北太平洋,新成立的北太平洋渔业管理委员会将公海底层渔业管理作为首要目标。环保非政府组织和部分科学家呼吁禁止公海深海底层渔业,但各国对此的立场尚不一致,产业界大多持反对立场。近期来看,尚难以全面禁止公海的深海底层渔业。中国正在发展公海大洋渔业,需对此密切关注,加强跟踪研究以支撑决策,并应发展和使用选择性渔具和对生态环境无害的作业方式,防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生损害性影响。     

新海洋法与世界渔业的发展趋势

一、新海洋法中的渔业规则 (一)1982年海洋法公约中的渔业规则在国际法中的地位 联合国第三次海洋法会议于1978年底召开,经过长期协商,于1982年4月23日通过了《海洋法公约》,公约于1982年12月10日开始签字,有119个国家立即签了字。到1985年11月为止,共有159     

开放获取——促进水产科技文献交流与共享的有效途径

论述了科技文献开放存取产生的背景和中文科技文献开放获取的现状,分析了水产科技文献开放获取的必要性和可行性。中文开放获取科技文献的发布形式主要有电子版科技期刊、e-印本文献网站和专业机构数据库,其中电子科技期刊数量最多。根据在因特网上的搜索结果,截至2007年11月,通过因特网可免费查阅全文的中文科技期刊有475种,与上一年的搜索结果相比增加了80种;以《2007年版中国科技期刊引证报告(核心版)》收录的1723种核心期刊为基础,将其中与水产科学相关的期刊进行分类统计,对开放获取期刊和非开放获取期刊的总被引频次和影响因子进行比较分析,结果显示:开放获取期刊的总被引频次和影响因子明显高于非开放获取期刊。认为水产科技文献信息的出版发布应该积极采取开放获取的策略,此举对促进国内水产科技文献交流共享,提升水产科技期刊影响力和渔业科技创新具有重要作用。     

双轮驱动电动汽车防滑控制系统的研究

建立了双轮驱动电动汽车加速过程的1/4动力学模型,以滑转率为调节对象,提出了一种基于模糊自整定PID控制算法的驱动防滑控制系统.设计了双轮驱动电动汽车驱动防滑系统的模糊PID控制器,在Matlab/Simulink仿真环境下进行了动态仿真,对比仿真结果表明,模糊自整定PID控制器的性能优于单一的PID控制.     

Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) bycatch in Canadian pelagic longline fisheries: Relative importance in the western North Atlantic and opportunities for mitigation

Little is known about the ecology of loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, in Canadian waters. However, Canada's eastern waters off the Scotian Shelf, Georges Bank and Grand Banks appear to be seasonal foraging habitats based on dates and locations where they have been captured as fishery bycatch. Estimates derived from data recorded by the international observer program (IOP) and used for this study suggest that thousands of mostly immature loggerheads have been captured in the Canadian pelagic longline fishery (PLF) in the western North Atlantic since 1999. These data suggest that the PLFs for tuna and swordfish are among the most important causes of incidental capture. Although U.S. and Canadian bycatch estimation methods differ and uncertainty associated with the estimates is high, it is clear from the IOP data that bycatch in the Canadian PLF is substantial and roughly within the same magnitude as that reported for the entire U.S. fleet in the North Atlantic for the same period (1999–2005). Analysis of bycatch observer data from the Canadian PLF and other empirical data suggests that fishing at temperatures below 20 °C using fish rather than squid bait and size-18 circle hooks could reduce loggerhead bycatch and mortality. However, research is needed to identify the best options and their commercial viability. Loggerheads that use Canadian Maritime waters are one of the least studied groups of loggerheads in the world, so systematic long-term studies on the ecology of loggerheads in Canada would help fill important information gaps and assist in developing effective recovery plans for this species.     

A bio-economic indicators suite for the appraisal of the demersal trawl fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean)

The state of demersal fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (GFCM-GSA 18, Central Mediterranean), years 1996–2003, from a biological, social and economic point of view was analysed using 47 indicators: 22 biological indicators obtained from fishery-independent data through yearly experimental bottom trawl surveys (“Medits” Programme), and 25 socio-economic indicators estimated from fishery-dependent data, available from the monitoring system of the Italian Institute for Economic Research on Fisheries and Aquaculture (IREPA). Biological indicators were applied for “single-species” (Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata, Illex coindetti, Merluccius merluccius, Mullus barbatus, Nephrops norvegicus, Parapenaeus longirostris, Raja clavata, Zeus faber) and for “multi-species” analysis. Economic indicators describing economic performance, productivity, costs and prices, and the overall economic sustainability of fishery were estimated. Social indicators and a general indicator summarising social sustainability were also considered. Indicators’ values were displayed using the Traffic Light system. Both fishery-independent and fishery-dependent indicators highlighted a progressive decline of the trawl fishery system in the GSA 18. This decline was mainly related to the ongoing depletion of the traditional fishery target species (mostly long-living, late-maturing species) partially replaced by the increase of traditional accessory species (generally short-living species), as well as to the reduction of productivity and increasing costs. The whole procedure was proposed as a contribution to the identification and applicability of bio-economic indicators for fishery management purposes.     

Trawling for cephalopods off the Portuguese coast—Fleet dynamics and landings composition

Fleet dynamics was addressed for three cephalopod taxa of commercial interest, the squid Loligo vulgaris, the octopuses Octopus vulgaris and Eledone cirrhosa, and the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, for 48 trawlers of the fish trawling fleet. Landing profiles (LP) were identified based on the species composition of the landings using hierarchical cluster analysis. Four out of a total of 12 different LP were related to cephalopods and other species associated with them.The effects on the landing proportions of a number of variables, year, season and vessel, are analysed for each of the species studied using generalized linear models (GLM). The factor “vessel”, including an ensemble of technical characteristics as well as the abilities of individual skippers, explained most of the model deviance, strongly reinforcing the existence of a fleet component dedicated to catch cephalopods. However, time also explains much of the variation found in the data.Seasonal alternation between landings of octopodidae and cuttlefish was observed within a small group of old trawlers operating mainly off the south coast, following the abundance cycles of these species. For a larger group of more modern trawlers, operating off the western coast, inter-annual shift between octopus and squid was found, together with a well marked seasonal pattern between the catches of cephalopods and horse mackerel.Spatial patterns of activity were identified using vessel monitoring system (VMS) data available for trawlers in Portugal, demonstrating the existence of cephalopod targeting strategies in Portuguese fish trawling activities.     

鱼类解偶联蛋白（UCP）基因研究新进展

通过生理性解偶联调节氧化磷酸化效率可能是进化早期发展起来的一种普遍策略,对生命的存在至关重要. 解偶联蛋白（uncoupling protein,UCP）家族是位于线粒体内膜的转运蛋白,哺乳动物基因组中已发现5个成员,其中UCP1~UCP3紧密相关,而UCP4和UCP5（即BMCP1,brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1）与它们差异较大. UCP1~UCP4不仅在哺乳类、鸟类等恒温脊椎动物中普遍存在,而且在鱼类等变温动物中也被证实存在,但UCP5目前仅在哺乳类中被发现. 哺乳动物褐色脂肪组织的UCP1,介导呼吸链产生的质子梯度泄漏,使氧化产生的能量以热的形式散发,但鱼类等变温动物UCP1的功能尚待进一步研究确立. UCP2和UCP3在产热、控制活性氧生成、脂肪酸氧化以及肥胖、糖尿病的发生中均发挥重要作用,二者的转录调节较复杂. UCP4和UCP5与其他UCP关系较远,UCP4仅在脑中表达,而UCP5在脑中高表达,它们的功能还不十分明确,但研究表明很可能与UCP2和UCP3的功能相似.     

海洋渔业转型系统的构建及运行机制分析

海洋渔业转型系统的构建是一个复杂的工程,主要由原因子系统、动力子系统、支持子系统和目标子系统四部分构成,各子系统之间相互作用,相互制约,维护着系统的稳定性。当然,要保证整个系统的顺利运行还需要一系列的保障条件,主要包括物质资本、人力资本、风险、技术、环境、社会服务及政府政策等各方面的保障因素,各个方面都影响着转型的每一个环节和每一个过程。