Ecosystem‐based fisheries management: A perspective on the critique and development of the concept

The concept of ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) has been subjected to debate since it was introduced in the late 1990s. The development of the concept seems to follow two separate but simultaneous trajectories of increased popularity but also sustained critique. This paper offers an analysis of potential mechanisms behind these disparate trajectories by drawing on a theoretical framework from science and technology studies (STS) centred around "black box" and actor‐network theory. To support our analysis, we perform an exploratory literature review of how the EBFM concept has been used in a selection of high impact fisheries research papers. We find that the popularity of EBFM does not guarantee its integrity, usefulness or analytical insight, but also that persistent critique of how the concept is used seems to be driving some change. We think that a continued trajectory of increased understanding, contextualization and discernibility of EBFM can help overcome the considerable ambiguity associated with the concept and make it increasingly useful to fisheries management. This means moving away from routine use of the term towards a practicable and tangible approach to improve fisheries sustainability.     

Small cetacean captures in Peruvian artisanal fisheries: High despite protective legislation

We detail the first direct, at sea monitoring of small cetacean interactions with Peruvian artisanal drift gillnet and longline fisheries. A total of 253 small cetaceans were captured during 66 monitored fishing trips (Gillnet: 46 trips; Longline: 20 trips) from the port of Salaverry, northern Peru (8^o14′S, 78^o59′W) from March 2005 to July 2007. The most commonly captured species were common dolphins (Delphinus spp.) (47%), dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) (29%), common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (13%) and Burmeister’s porpoises (Phocoena spinipinnis) (6%). An estimated 95% of common dolphin bycatch was of long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis). Overall bycatch per unit effort for gillnet vessels (mean ± sd) was estimated to be 0.65 ± 0.41 animals.set⁻¹ (range 0.05-1.50) and overall catch (bycatch and harpoon) was 4.96 ± 3.33 animals.trip⁻¹ (range 0.33-13.33). Based upon total fishing effort for Salaverry we estimated the total annual average small cetacean bycatch by gillnet vessels as 2412 animals.year⁻¹ (95% CI 1092-4303) for 2002-2007. This work indicates that, in at least one Peruvian port, bycatch and harpooning of small cetaceans persist at high levels and on a regular basis, particularly in driftnet vessels, despite the existence since the mid-1990s of national legislation banning the capture of marine mammals and commerce in their products. It is concluded that the coast of Peru is likely still one of the world’s principal areas for concern regarding high small cetacean bycatch and there is clearly an urgent need to increase the geographic scope of observer effort to elucidate the full magnitude of this issue.     

不列颠哥伦比亚黑鳕鱼养殖的潜在经济效益

主要研究不列颠哥伦比亚省黑鳕鱼养殖的潜在经济效益。不列颠哥伦比亚省一个黑鳕鱼苗种场已经开始以黑鳕鱼海水网箱养殖为目的苗种培育,这个唯一的黑鳕鱼苗种场培育出的鱼苗将有效地支持该地区目前的黑鳕鱼养殖。该地区黑鳕鱼养殖区纯收益受2个关键问题影响:一是如果全球参与黑鳕鱼养殖;二是如果不列颠哥伦比亚限制黑鳕鱼的养殖,而其他地区却不限制。研究结果表明:在不列颠哥伦比亚采用落后的水产养殖模式,可能获得较低的养殖利润。然而,当生产增长到期望的养殖水平时,黑鳕鱼的养殖利润将迅速下降。如果不列颠哥伦比亚野生黑鳕鱼的溢价控制在20%～25%以上,养殖禁令可能对该省和加拿大是有利的。     

Notes on the Bathypelagic Fauna of the Seas Around South Africa

The preliminary results of a study of the endemic giant tortoise population of Aldabra Atoll in the Indian Ocean (Geochehne gigantea Schweigger) are briefly described. Their number would appear to have increased dramatically since the turn of the century to their present level of some 141 000 individuals. Crude estimates of mortality and reproductive rates are also given.     

有关捕捞能力量化统计方法的探讨

文章介绍了在我国渔业统计资源中，与捕捞能力相关的项目，以及在渔业管理初中中，对捕捞能力进行宏观控制的主要指标：渔船数、主机总功率和总吨位等，还介绍了我国近海渔业中单一和复合渔业捕捞能力的量化方法，并对各种作业方式中影响捕捞能力的主要因素进行了分析，提出在量化计算时应注意的问题。本文以东、黄海底托网渔业为进行捕捞能力的修正。由于影响捕捞能力的因素很多，文章还初步得出利用灰色系统理论建立捕捞能力的综合指数的设想和可行性，以便较为全面地反映和统一量化不同渔船或多种渔业的捕捞能力，供渔业管理参考。     

Risks of decline and extinction of the endangered Amsterdam albatross and the projected impact of long-line fisheries

The Amsterdam albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis) is one of the rarest bird species of world avifauna, consisting of a single population in the upland plateau of Amsterdam Island (SE Indian Ocean). All breeding birds of the population are today banded and a monitoring program involving mark-recapture procedures has been carried out continuously over the past 16 years. We present the first estimate of risk of decline for the Amsterdam albatross using a stochastic matrix population model, and evaluate the extent to which the measurement errors in demographic estimates may affect the baseline conservation assessment. We also estimate the potential effect that resumption of long-line fisheries in the vicinity of Amsterdam Island (one the alleged causes for its low numbers in the recent past) may have on the persistence of this population. Our results indicate that, in the absence of any impact of long-line fisheries, the Amsterdam albatross is unlikely to experience a decline larger than 20% of the current population abundance over the next 50 years. Our results point out the difficulty to assess with certainty the extinction risk of small populations despite the availability of long term data on their demography. They suggest that a very cautious approach should be taken for the preservation of small populations of long-lived species that cannot sustain any level of incidental by-catch. Any new long-line fishery resuming in the foraging range of the Amsterdam albatross, but especially close to Amsterdam Island, may rapidly put this species at risk of extinction.     

生产要素对我国海洋渔业经济可持续发展的影响(英文)

根据资源的稀缺性理论,讨论了我国渔业生产要素对海洋渔业可持续发展的影响和生产要素的经济效率。研究表明,我国近海渔场和海洋渔业资源的减少,正成为制约我国海洋渔业可持续发展的主要因素。而近沿海海域对我国海洋养殖产业的经济增长将扮演越来越大的作用。在海洋渔业发展初期,渔业劳动力投入量对推动经济增长有较大的作用,但是,在现阶段,海洋渔业劳动力要素的投入量对海洋渔业经济的增长作用越来越低。目前,海洋渔业劳动力要素投入过剩现象已经十分严重,通过增加海洋渔业劳动力生产要素投入提高海洋渔业经济增长的作用受到制约。对资本要素的研究表明,我国渔民的平均剩余资本低,渔民再投资能力弱,造成渔业人口剩余资本低下的主要原因与我国政府农业政策和渔民的消费习惯有一定的关系。渔业技术进步能提高生产效率。然而,研究表明,大量的研究成果还未能有效地转化到生产中去。我国海洋渔业生产仍然是劳动力和土地密集型,技术革新和组织制度资源相当短缺。尤其是组织和制度资源的短缺,将成为制约我国海洋渔业经济可持续发展的最大问题。我国海洋渔业生产的组织资源表现出明显的极性结构。一端是仍然带有计划经济色彩的集权渔业管理机构,一端是已经完全市场化的高度分散的生产个体。在...     

论渔业法规的内涵和立法原则

本文阐述了渔业法规的概念和范围,试图归纳各国渔业立法的共同性的基本目的。作者论述了渔业法规的特点,并指出渔业立法活动应遵循的原则和应注意的问题。     

东黄海渔业资源共同养护与开发研究

随着《联合国海洋法公约》的生效,东黄海渔业资源的养护与开发模式必将发生改变。为确保渔业资源的可持续利用,周边各国需采取一些新的管理措施或制度。首先分析了东黄海渔业资源的特点及其开发利用的情况、《联合国海洋法公约》对东黄海渔业养护开发的影响。然后,根据《联合国海洋法公约》及其他有关国际海洋法律、法规,分析东黄海渔业资源共同养护开发的必要性、可能形式及存在的主要困难。最后,认为周边各沿海国应在对未来渔业资源的开发利用达成协议基础上共同养护东黄海渔业资源,同时为树立负责任形象,我国政府应在渔业管理队伍、管理制度等方面进行改革。     

地理信息系统在海洋渔业中的应用现状及前景分析

地理信息系统（geographic information system,GIS）作为一种高效的时空分析工具,于20世纪80年代末期应用于海洋渔业领域,并在渔海况数据采集与分析、渔业资源与海洋环境关系、水产养殖选址、渔业资源评估与分析、标志放流、海洋生态系统以及渔情预报等方面得到广泛应用。但GIS在渔业方面的应用仍然面临着巨大挑战,渔业信息已不再局限于渔业数据及相关环境数据,还应包含与渔民本身相关的社会经济数据,即未来的海洋渔业GIS应是一个集自然资源与环境系统、人类系统、社会系统与经济系统为一体的综合系统。基于生态系统的海洋渔业管理及可持续性已得到全社会和国际组织的共同关注,GIS相比于传统分析方法具有很大的优势,将有助于提高海洋渔业信息决策分析。未来GIS在海洋渔业中的应用将注重以下几个方面：（1）基础数据库的建立及数据标准化;（2）鱼类关键栖息地的分析与研究;（3）海洋保护区的确定;（4）渔业资源的长期监测与管理;（5）鱼类洄游分布及海洋环境的三维化。结合我国大洋渔业的研究现状,提出了建立基于GIS我国大洋渔业信息系统的框架。