Outdoor mass microalgae production in Bahia Kino, Sonora, NW Mexico

The diatom Chaetoceros muelleri was grown in outdoor mass cultures under the winter, spring and summer conditions of Bahia Kino, Sonora, NW Mexico. The solar irradiance in winter was close to 60% of that available in spring and summer, but the cell concentrations and the harvestable biomass were one order of magnitude higher in spring and summer than in winter. There was no difference between the biomass harvested after 2 and 3 days in winter and summer, whereas in spring it was higher after 3 days. The protein content was significantly lower in winter, and carbohydrates and lipids were higher in winter and spring. The number of cells and the amount of harvestable biomass of outdoor cultures of C. muelleri depend on the temperature prevailing in each season, which causes significant differences in growth rates and in biochemical composition.     

发酵工业清洁生产模糊综合评价模型框架

分析了发酵工业的现状及存在问题,重点对酒精、味精和柠檬酸3种传统发酵产品的生产工艺进行了分析,提出其共性,并有针对性地提出了发酵工业进行清洁生产的一般性策略。在此基础上,建立了对清洁生产进行评价的三级模糊综合评价模型框架。     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Protein Recovered from Fish Waste

ABSTRACT

This work aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and functional properties of proteins recovered from whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) and Argentine anchovy (Engraulis anchoita) residues obtained by the process of acid solubilization using HCl at pH = 2 and alkaline solubilization using NaOH at pH = 12 and isoelectric precipitation (pH = 5.5). The proximate composition and functional properties were determined. The solubilization and water holding capacity (WHC) of the recovered protein were studied in the pH range of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. The high protein content and lowest lipid reduction presented by the protein recovered from the whitemouth croaker residue and obtained by the acid solubilizing process was 97.1 and 98.4%, respectively. The maximum solubilized protein was at pH 3 and 11, and the minimum solubilized protein was at pH 5 for both species. The greater ability to retain oil was observed for the alkaline solubilization process (8.3 and 7.3). The lower WHC was at pH 5. The acid and alkali residue concentrates of the whitemouth croaker presented higher WHC at pH 3 and 11. These proteins can be used in preparing edible films and have been used to produce bioactive compounds for supplements or functional ingredients.     

Variations in vernalization requirements among ecotypes of Festuca hallii

Plains rough fescue (Festuca hallii [Vasey] Piper) is an important forage grass species in the Northern Great Plains of Canada. Its seed is in demand for forage production and habitat restoration, but erratic seed production limits supply. A comprehensive understanding of factors influencing flowering and seed production in this species is needed. This study evaluated the morphological and phenological variation among six ecotypes of F. hallii from Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Seeds were germinated, and seedlings were grown in the field and then transplanted to a greenhouse in November. Plants not flowering in the greenhouse were vernalized under 5°C and 8-h light for 11 weeks. In a separate experiment, plants were subjected to temperature regimes of 15/5°C, 10/0°C and 5/−5°C with day-length treatments of 12 h, 8 h and a gradually changing daylength from 12 to 8 h respectively. This study demonstrated the existence of considerable variation in morphological and phenological characteristics, and in growth and vernalization requirements among ecotypes of F. hallii. Vernalization requirements were not met for the ecotype from the Moist Mixed Grassland Ecoregion when it was grown under common conditions, whereas ecotypes from other ecoregions were vernalized in at least one of the 2 years in the field experiment. Northern ecotypes tended to flower earlier after artificial vernalization treatments. Overall, 15/5 to 5/−5°C d per night temperature regimes with photoperiods between 12 and 8 h were effective in inducing flowering. The seed source of F. hallii should be regarded as an important consideration affecting its use, both for habitat restoration and for forage production.     

不同培养基继代培养蜡蚧轮枝菌对产孢量和烟粉虱毒力的影响

为了探究不同培养基继代培养的蜡蚧轮枝菌对烟粉虱的作用效果,通过继代培养方法测定JMC-01、JMC-02菌株的产孢量、对烟粉虱的毒力及其几丁质酶活性。结果表明,JMC-01、JMC-02菌株在添加蝉蜕和烟粉虱的PDA培养基中连续培养5代的产孢量、对烟粉虱的毒力、几丁质酶活性均高于无添加的PDA培养基,且JMC-01菌株的各项参数均高于JMC-02菌株。JMC-01菌株在添加蝉蜕的PDA培养基中T_1和T_3代的产孢量最大,均为1.279×10~7个/mL,T_3代对烟粉虱的毒力最大,为88.33%,T_5代的几丁质酶活最高,为0.268 3 U/mL;在添加烟粉虱的PDA培养基中,JMC-01菌株的最大产孢量、对烟粉虱的最高毒力和最高几丁质酶活分别出现在S_2、S_4和S_5代,分别为1.270×10~7个/mL、88.33%和0.325 4 U/mL。回归分析结果显示,JMC-01、JMC-02菌株几丁质酶活性与烟粉虱校正死亡率呈显著的正相关,且拟合优度较好。本试验表明JMC-01、JMC-02菌株均对烟粉虱具有较强的毒力,添加蝉蜕和烟粉虱的培养基可以维持菌株生长特性、增加产孢量、延缓菌株退化、增强菌株的几丁质酶活性,为烟粉虱的生物防治提供了新的菌种资源。     

4种鱼类肝脏细胞色素P450对毒死蜱、对硫磷及马拉硫磷的脱硫代谢

以毒死蜱、对硫磷及马拉硫磷为供试农药,以斑马鱼、剑尾鱼、麦穗鱼及太阳鱼为供试生物,研究了3种农药对4种鱼的急性毒性,4种鱼肝细胞色素P450对3种农药的脱硫代谢作用及两者之间的相关性。结果表明,毒死蜱对于上述4种鱼的96hLC50分别为1.94、0.171、0.0273、0.0681mg·L^-1;对硫磷为2.6、0.0559、1.78、1.02mg·L^-1;马拉硫磷为7.07、0.907、6.03、0.172mg·L^-1。4种鱼肝脏P450对于毒死蜱代谢的Vmax/Km值分别为1.67×10^4、2×10^4、5×10^4、2×104min^-1;对于对硫磷代谢的Vmax/Km值分别为2×10^4、5×10^5、1.11×10^5、1.43×10^5min^-1;对于马拉硫磷的值分别为5×10^3、5×10^4、2.5×10^3、1.67×10^4min^-1。96hLC50值与Vmax/Km值大体呈负相关,其中毒死蜱的相关性较弱,对硫磷及马拉硫磷的相关性较强（R^2值分别为0.2181、0.8490、0.5102）。研究结果说明P450在鱼类耐药性形成过程中发挥了阻碍作用。     

基于基因表达式编程的作物水分生产函数构建

作物水分生产函数的确定是农业水资源优化配置的关键。该研究采用农业水文生态系统模型（Agro-Hydrological & Chemical and Crop systems simulator, AHC）与基因表达式编程（Gene Expression Programming, GEP）相结合的方法构建作物水分生产函数。以河套灌区3种主要作物（葵花、玉米、小麦）为研究对象,采用AHC模型模拟作物产量等,构建基于GEP算法的作物水分生产函数,探讨考虑盐分胁迫的作物水分生产函数构建的思路与方法。结果表明：1）作物模拟产量与地下水埋深、地下水矿化度和灌水量等因素有关。2）构建作物水分生产函数的最优输入因子组合为地下水埋深、灌溉量、蒸散发、地下水矿化度、土壤根层盐分对作物胁迫因子、土壤根层含水率。3）应用作物水分生产函数估算不同灌溉定额条件下作物产量（预测产量）,并与AHC模型计算的产量（模拟产量）进行比较,玉米、葵花、小麦预测产量与模拟产量具有很好一致性,其决定系数分别是0.96、0.93、0.96,平均相对误差均小于5%,满足计算精度要求。因此,该研究所构建的作物水分生产函数可以较准确地估算盐分胁迫下作物产量,为农业节水与灌溉水高效利用提供科学参考。     

苜蓿白粉病的研究

苜蓿白粉病（Ｌｅｖｅｅｉｌｌｕｌａ　ｌｅｇｕｍｉｎｏｓａｒｕｍ　Ｇｏｌｏｖ．）是我国北方地区近年来普遍发生的一种真菌病害,对于苜蓿的品质、适口性、产草量及种子产量均有较严重的影响。选育和推广优良抗病品种,是从根本上防治苜蓿白粉病的有效措施。在割草地、小面积试验或种子生产田适时刈割,或喷施灭菌丹、粉锈宁、甲基托布津是防治苜蓿白粉病的重要措施。     

Hybridization and invasive species in a threatened freshwater fish community under environmental pressures: Morphometric and molecular evidence

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Sustainable Aquaculture Products: Implications of Consumer Awareness and of Consumer Preferences for Promising Market Communication in Germany

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