Ecosystem‐based management of Amazon fisheries and wetlands

Infrastructure development and overfishing in the Amazon make it imperative to define adequate scales for the ecosystem‐based management of commercial fisheries and the wetlands on which they depend. We mapped fisheries and fish ecology data from Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and Colombia to an explicit GIS framework of river basins and mainstems. Migratory species account for more than 80% of the known maximum catches of commercial fisheries across the Amazon. Of these migratory species, we nominated six long‐distance migratory fish taxa as flagship species to define the two main commercial fishery regions. The migrations of at least one goliath catfish species define a large‐scale longitudinal link joining the Andes, Amazon Lowlands and Amazon River estuary. Migratory Characiforms demonstrate interbasin wetland connectivity between nutrient‐rich and nutrient‐poor rivers over at least 2 million km², or about one‐third of the Amazon Basin. We show that flooded forest area is the most important wetland variable explaining regional variations in migratory characiforme biomass as indicated by maximum annual fishery catches. The sustainable management of Amazon fisheries will require transnational cooperation and a paradigm shift from local community management alone to a more integrated approach that considers both rural and urban consumers and challenges, and the realistic life histories of migratory species.     

麻醉剂丁香酚对鳗弧菌抑菌效果初步研究

水产麻醉剂丁香酚具有良好的抑菌和杀菌作用,不仅对食源性致病菌具有良好的抑制作用,也对水产致病菌具有潜在的抑菌效力。为探讨丁香酚对水产养殖业主要致病菌的抑菌作用,文章初步开展了丁香酚对鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)的抑菌效果研究。丁香酚质量浓度为6 400μg·mL^-1时,鳗弧菌培养平板中抑菌圈直径为(21.13±0.74) mm,表明鳗弧菌对此浓度的丁香酚表现为极敏。吸光度测定结果显示微孔中丁香酚质量浓度≥400μg·mL^-1时弧菌没有生长,表明丁香酚对鳗弧菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为400μg·mL^-1。取400μg·mL^-1、800μg·mL^-1和1 600μg·mL^-1微孔中溶液涂抹于培养平板继续培养24 h,质量浓度≥800μg·mL^-1时鳗弧菌没有生长,表明最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为800μg·mL^-1。研究结果表明丁香酚对鳗弧菌具有良好的抑菌作用。     

Vitamin A functions and requirements in fish

Vitamin A (VA) is an essential dietary nutrient for fish and plays an important role in a range of physiological processes including vision, reproduction, embryogenesis, growth and differentiation and maintenance of epithelial cells. Knowledge of effects of VA on aquatic organisms is limited, but new information continues to be published. The aim of the present review is to present an overview of the dietary requirements and functions of VA in fish of commercial importance in aquaculture production. The effects of VA on reproduction and early embryonic development are described, and the estimated dietary requirements for VA of several species of fish are discussed. New research findings on how VA requirements vary with the life stages of fish are explored that will expand understanding of the complex role of VA. Sources of VA in feeds are described, and the potential need to consider how changes in fish feed formulations towards higher use levels of sustainable ingredients may affect dietary VA supplementation recommendations is discussed.     

海水鱼配合饲料中无机砷测定方法研究

摘要:　本文研究了海水鱼配合饲料中无机砷的测定方法。采用6mol/L盐酸溶液为介质,在70℃水浴中浸提1h,再用活性炭吸附分离浸提液中有机砷等有机物质后,以HG-AFS法测定海水鱼配合饲料及其原料样品中无机砷含量。方法前处理简单、快速,方法检出限0.08mg/kg;加标回收率85.5%～109.7%;精密度（RSD）2.6%～9.8%;线性范围0～400μg/L。用相同样品在4个实验室间对本法进行复核验证结果表明,精密度和准确度均符合检测要求,用于实际样品的检测,结果令人满意。     

Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus

Two consecutive feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimum dietary level of the cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) for replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for juvenile and ongrowing parrot fish with or without iron and phytase. In experiment I, juvenile parrot fish (BW: 3.17 g) were fed one of six experimental diets for 12 weeks which were formulated to replace FM protein by equal proportion (1:1, w:w) of CS at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% (designated as CS0, CS10, CS20, CS30, CS40, or CS50, respectively). In experiment II, ongrowing parrot fish (BW: 55 g) were fed one of five experimental diets for 9 weeks. The experimental diets were formulated to replace FM protein by CS at 0, 20, or 30% (designated as CS0, CS20, or CS30, respectively) and to include ferrous sulfate (0.1 and 0.2%) and phytase into the CS20 and CS30 diets (CS20 + Fe&P and CS30 +Fe&P, respectively). Results from the two feeding trials indicated that the CS could replace up to 20% FM protein in diets for juvenile parrot fish (3–22 g) and up to 30% in ongrowing (55–120 g) parrot fish. The supplemental effect of iron and phytase was not significant on growth performance. Total or each gossypol enantiomer concentration in the liver increased as the level of dietary cottonseed meal increased. However, gossypol in the liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was not detected. The dietary supplementation of CS significantly reduced the levels of plasma triacyglycerols and total cholesterol. The present study indicates that plant protein sources are better utilized in larger fish, and that up to approximately 30% FM protein could be replaced by CS with iron and phytase in the presence of supplemental lysine and methionine.     

The risk of parasite transfer to juvenile fishes by live copepod food with the example Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus

Natural zooplankton is a potential food resource for juvenile fish in fish farms as it is a good source of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. However, it is also a potential source of parasites and pathogens. The present study was conducted (1) to estimate the risk of parasite transfer by live copepod food under intensive farming conditions using the parasites Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus as example and (2) to look for strategies to avoid parasite infestation of juvenile fish.An easy and routinely applicable aniline blue staining method was developed to check the infestation levels of copepods with procercoids during the on-growing season of juvenile fish. From the copepod species occurring in zooplankton Cyclops spp. was infested frequently (9.4 ± 12.0%, maximum 38.7%), Diaptomus spp. infrequently (1.5 ± 1.6%, maximum 3.2%), Daphnia spp. never. Juvenile grayling, Thymallus thymallus, and corgonids, Coregonus sp., which had been fed with natural zooplankton revealed infestations rates with T. crassus of circa 5%, with T. nodulosus of circa 10%. As the occurrence of procercoids in the zooplankton was temporary limited, Triaenophorus infestation can be avoided by using artificial food instead of live copepods during the risky season.To prevent parasite infestation of juvenile fish methods were investigated to eradicate procercoids from copepods by chemical treatment (sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid treatment) and by freeze-thawing methods. Chemical methods failed to remove procercoids. In fish, which had been fed with frozen thawed zooplankton, no Triaenophorus spp. infestation was observed. Their survival rates were similar as in the control fed with live zooplankton, however the weight of the fish was significantly lower.     

Reconstructing historical trends of small pelagic fish in the Java Sea using standardized commercial trip based catch per unit of effort

Pelagic fish stocks in the Java Sea have been exploited intensively since the beginning of the 1970s. However, due to the effect of increased fishing power of the fleets and the changing nature of spatial and temporal distribution of the fishing effort, assessment of stock trends based on commercial data of catch and effort requires the standardization of both effort and catch data. Here we present the first attempt to reconstruct a standardized time series of commercial catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for the main pelagic species exploited by the purse seine fleet in the Java Sea. The results showed that all the stocks analysed have largely declined since the beginning of the 1990s. For bigeye scad, Indian mackerel and sardine, current estimates are only between 3 and 19% of the maximum observed value while round scads and spotted sardine biomass estimates lie between 18 and 34%. However, our assumptions about the effect of lamp power and level of creeping and the fact that the influence of fish density on catchability and the effect of targeting were not taken into account thus observed decline is a rather conservative estimate of the real decline of the stocks. If effective management actions are not put in place as a matter of urgency in the Java Sea for small pelagic fisheries, one runs the risk of adding those species to the long list of overexploited stocks of the world oceans.     

基于ResNet-CA的鱼群饱腹程度识别方法

投喂作为水产养殖过程中的一个关键环节,饵料的投喂量直接影响水产品的质量和养殖成本。然而,目前的投喂方法包括人工投喂和机器定时定量投喂,大多依靠人工经验,很难实现精准投喂。本文基于改进的ResNet34识别鱼群不同的饱腹程度。根据鱼群在不同饱腹阶段表现的摄食行为创建了含有5种不同饱腹程度的数据集,并采用数据增强操作对图像进行预处理。其次在原始模型ResNet34的基础上,本文提出使用坐标注意力机制,使模型在对图像进行特征提取的过程中能够做到专注于更大区域范围。并且使用深度可分离卷积的方式来代替传统卷积,减少模型参数量。为了评估改进的有效性,分析了改进后的模型在鱼群饱腹程度数据集上的性能,并将其与原模型ResNet34、AlexNet、VGG16、MobileNet-v2、GoogLeNet等经典卷积神经网络架构进行比较。综合实验结果表明,该模型相较于原模型参数量减少46.7%,准确率达到93.4%,相较于原模型提升3.4个百分点,同时改进后的模型在准确率、精确度、召回率等方面也都优于其他卷积神经网络。综上所述,本模型实现了性能与参数量之间的良好平衡,为后续模型在实际养殖环境中的部署并指导养殖户改善和制定投喂策略提供了可能。     

中国海水鱼养殖业绿色发展效率评价与影响因素分析

海水鱼养殖业作为中国海水养殖重要产业,在大食物观背景下正面临推进绿色转型的关键阶段,亟需提升绿色发展效率。本文运用超效率SBM模型,构建起包含非期望产出的海水鱼养殖业绿色发展效率评价指标体系,对中国海水鱼养殖业开展绿色发展效率评价,并基于面板Tobit模型探究影响海水鱼养殖业绿色发展效率提升的关键因素。研究结果表明,2017-2019年中国海水鱼养殖业绿色发展效率值分别为0.887、0.969、0.734,整体未达到绿色发展效率有效率状态。其中,卵形鲳鲹、军曹鱼在2017-2019年处于绿色发展效率有效率状态,大黄鱼和大菱鲆分别在2018年和2019年处于绿色发展效率有效率状态,其余养殖品种均未达到绿色发展效率有效率状态。海水鱼养殖绿色技术水平、海水鱼绿色养殖结构占比、海水鱼市场价格对绿色发展效率有显著的正向影响;政策支持对绿色发展效率呈正向影响,但不显著。本文通过对中国海水鱼养殖业绿色发展效率评价及影响因素分析,提出提升中国海水鱼养殖业绿色发展效率的对策建议,以期为促进中国海水鱼养殖业向绿色转型升级提供科学依据。     

北部沿海人工繁殖长江蟹试验

首次在北部沿海进行了长江蟹人工繁殖试验,报告了亲蟹促产,越冬培育,饵料投喂,水质管理,幼体孵化,幼体培育等全套工艺流程,交配抱卵率达８１％,越冬成活率８４．６％,大眼幼体育成率２２．５％,认为长江蟹,黄河蟹幼体培育方法一致,培养结果,育成率无显著差异,但越冬水深应保持１．５ｍ以上,亲蟹须先进行１５￣２０天强化培育。