A comparison of changes in stable isotope ratios in the epidermal mucus and muscle tissue of slow‐growing adult catfish

Although stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for determining diet, migration patterns and the structure of food webs in aquatic systems, the slow response of isotopic ratios in the widely used muscle tissue often hampers this approach, particularly in slow‐growing or adult fishes. We conducted a diet‐switch experiment to compare the changes in the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C values) in the epidermal mucus and muscle tissue of five‐year‐old catfish (Silurus asotus). The isotope ratios in noninvasively sampled mucus changed more rapidly than those in the muscle tissue. As isotopic change in mucus was relatively rapid, this technique can be used over a finer timescale than traditional isotopic analyses using the muscle tissue. The isotopic change half‐life in our experimental condition was 200 days, which would not be short enough for some research purposes. Examining mucus along with the muscle would enable food habits of slow‐growing fishes to be determined over different timescales. However, the rate of isotopic change in the mucus was negatively affected by the size of fish and was slower than the previously reported rates in juvenile steelhead. These findings suggest that mucus turnover rates need to be determined prior to the field data interpretation.     

The future of genetic engineering to provide essential dietary nutrients and improve growth performance in aquaculture: Advantages and challenges

Advancements in gene technology in recent years have been driving the aquaculture industry forward. Improvements in growth performance, feed efficiency, and omega‐3 content are goals of the industry that could capitalize on applications of genetic engineering. One of the major challenges in the industry is to reduce the use of fish meal and oil, to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture. The recent development of genetically engineered feed ingredients is one potential solution to the looming problem of fish meal and oil dependency. Furthermore, the development of transgenic fish has potential to improve production efficiency and other future desirable characteristics that relate to feed utilization and product quality. New gene technologies are beginning to revolutionize how we produce our food, and in aquaculture, will ultimately reduce pressure on wild fish stocks, help to preserve natural aquatic ecosystems, and improve nutritional profiles of farmed fish for human consumption. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current applications of genetic engineering technology to improve aquaculture through nutrition, including the development and use of transgenic feed ingredients, transgenic fish, and ultimately their impacts on nutrition, product quality, and consumers.     

碧流河水库鱼类寄生虫调查

本文报导了1984—1986年碧流河水库鱼类寄生虫调查.共检查、解剖鱼类49种,计846尾。查见寄生虫13个类群.计51种.对寄生虫在鱼体上的寄生部位、感染率、感染强度作了记录.根据调查和鱼种放养情况.提出了鱼病预防建议.     

池塘生态系基质C/N比对游离细菌群落生长和有机N矿化作用的影响

本文研究了向高产鱼池中人工添加有机C（葡萄糖）和有机N（甘氨酸）对水中游离细菌生长及其分解矿化有机N的影响。研究结果表明，向池塘水中添加有机C促进了细菌生长和细菌对N素的吸收；而添加有机N对细菌生长的影响不明显，但增强了有机N的矿化作用。在池塘水营养条件下，溶解有机C限制了细菌的生长，细菌在鱼池生态系统N循环中起着有机N分解者的作用。     

鱼体不可食部分——鱼头和骨刺的加工利用

以鱼头、鱼骨刺为原料，制成新鲜鱼骨糊；将鱼骨糊按不同比例添加到鱼糜中试制出骨糊系列制品。与纯鱼糜制品对比，将鱼骨糊按１０％～２０％比例添加到鱼糜制品中，不仅在口感上能接受，而且能降低成本，提高营养价值。将鱼骨糊及其制品置于常温（１２～１５℃）、０℃、－１８℃温度下进行保藏试验，结果表明：在－１８℃温度下，骨糊及其制品品质基本不变。     

健康家鱼肠道细菌中的嗜水气单胞菌及其胞外酶分布

从健康鲢、鲤、草鱼和团头鲂肠道食物和肠壁样品中分离出１８５株细菌菌株，利用糊精一品红培养基、氧化酶测定法和淀粉酶测定法对其中的嗜水气单胞菌颁作了调查，鉴别出１９株嗜水气单胞菌、对这批菌株进一步进行了蛋白酶、ＣＭＣ酶、滤纸酶和溶血毒素调查，发现肠道嗜水气单胞菌分别产蛋白酶和ＣＭＣ酶，但均不产滤纸酶和溶血毒素。本文结果证明了肠道嗜水气单胞是肠道正常微生物鲜落之一，对鱼体有一定的有利作用。     

敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的生长规律和差异

对600尾各生长阶段的敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的体长、体质量进行了测量与分析,研究比较了两种池塘养殖鱼种生长的规律和差异。结果显示:敞口池塘和遮荫池塘养殖美洲鲥当年鱼种的体长与体质量均呈良好的幂函数增长关系(W=aL~b,R~2 0. 99,P 0. 01,n=300),b值接近且略小于3(分别为2. 786 4和2. 843 1),体长生长略快于体质量生长。养殖试验初期(0～15 d),美洲鲥当年鱼种出现飞跃式补偿生长,而后鱼种体长和体质量的特定生长率均随养殖日龄增加呈现下降趋势。敞口池塘和遮荫池塘的鱼种体长生长均可用一次线性函数(L=at+b,R~2 0. 97,P 0. 01,n=9)拟合,体质量生长均可用二次函数拟合(W=at~2+bt+c,R2 0. 97,P 0. 01,n=9);养殖前期,在57 d(9月13日)前,敞口池塘的鱼种生长优于遮荫池塘,养殖后期,在79 d(10月5日)后,则相反。敞口池塘的饵料系数(1. 22)低于遮荫池塘(2. 04)。敞口池塘鱼种体长和体质量的变异系数明显小于遮荫池塘的变异系数(P 0. 05)。研究表明美洲鲥幼鱼对高温有良好的适应能力,其高温耐受力高于成鱼。建议美洲鲥池塘养殖过程中,当年鱼种采用敞口池塘养殖,而成鱼采用遮荫池塘养殖。     

300 W型绿光LED集鱼灯的光学特性

使用高光谱剖面仪Hyperspectral profilerⅡ对国产300 W型绿光LED集鱼灯的光学特性进行了测量,并与国产1 kW型金属卤化物集鱼灯进行比较.结果表明:1kW型金属卤化物集鱼灯的光谱范围不仅包含整个可见光(波长为380～760 nm),并有部分紫外和红外光线,而绿光LED集鱼灯的光谱辐射量主要集中在绿光波段(490～560 nm),没有紫外线;绿光LED集鱼灯和1 kW型金属卤化物集鱼灯在空气中的衰减系数分别为0.2527和0.2494;当绿光LED集鱼灯总功率为9 kW(30盏×300 W)时,其0.01 lx照度分布的最深距离为85 m,而金属卤化物集鱼灯总功率为62 kW(62盏×1 kW)时,其0.01 lx照度分布的最深距离却仅为50 m.本研究表明,绿光LED集鱼灯具有良好的水中穿透性,且不会对船员的眼睛和皮肤产生负面影响,节能效果明显.     

食蚊鱼白内障的研究初报

采用定期观察方法,了解食蚊鱼白内障的发生过程以及由此导致的外部形态和行为的变化情况。研究的食蚊鱼群体的白内障有较高的发生率,白内障鱼一般体色晦暗,经常浮于水面缓慢游动;其摄食和生长也受较大影响。食蚊鱼白内障大多是双眼同时发生的,眼球可见不同程度的浑浊。从外观形态区分,食蚊鱼白内障主要有两种类型,一种是绕核性白内障,另一种无法看到晶状体形状,表现为整个眼球的不透明。对病鱼的眼球等进行组织病理观察,发现病理变化部位主要在晶体,所有病例的晶状体纤维都出现病理变化,最普遍的是晶状体皮质区纤维不同程度变性或断裂;晶状体上皮细胞有脱落、增生等。食蚊鱼白内障为鱼类白内障研究提供良好材料。     

鱼类视觉胁迫与利它素对大型溞生长繁殖的影响

使用长江中下游地区常见的麦穗鱼及大型溞作为研究对象,在避免直接摄食的情况下将麦穗鱼与大型溞在同一容器中培养,设计视觉胁迫与利它素影响的交叉实验,对照组为无视觉胁迫无利它素组、实验组分别是无视觉胁迫有利它素组、有视觉胁迫有利它素组、有视觉胁迫无利它素组,研究其对大型溞生长、体型和繁殖的影响。结果发现:无利它素组的大型溞体长增长更快;无利它素影响的大型溞壳刺生长较快,在视觉胁迫有无的实验组中表现出不同的反应,无利它素影响有视觉胁迫处理组的壳刺长度较无视觉胁迫更长;无利它素组繁殖量的均值与有利它素组相比较,高出了2.89倍,并且有利它素有视觉胁迫组的死亡速率最快。虽然生物操纵技术使枝角类的捕食者减少,但是水体中残留的鱼类利它素对水生态系统中的枝角类依旧存在抑制作用。研究表明麦穗鱼对枝角类不仅有直接摄食的压力,还可通过视觉胁迫与利它素对枝角类体型、生长和繁殖产生间接的影响。