底播虾夷扇贝活品供应链各环节中肠道菌群分析

以鲜活底播虾夷扇贝为研究对象,研究扇贝肠道菌群结构与其生长环境的相似性,并跟踪研究组成供应链的采捕、活水运输、中转、净化Ⅰ、净化Ⅱ及市场等6个环节的活品扇贝的肠道菌群结构变化规律。首先,在扇贝捕捞船现场采集扇贝、海水以及海底沉积物,随后继续对活水运输、中转、净化Ⅰ、净化II及市场等环节跟踪采集扇贝肠道样品;利用基于16S rDNA的PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳指纹图谱技术对扇贝肠道菌群、沉积物及海水进行分析。变性梯度凝胶电泳指纹图谱分析结明,从即捕扇贝肠道、沉积物及海水中分别获得12、18及20个扩增条带,其中,三者具有9条相同的条带;其余包括活水运输、中转、净化Ⅰ、净化Ⅱ及市场等5个环节的条带数依次为14、16、13、9、22。相似性分析表明,即捕扇贝肠道与海水及沉积物之间菌群组成相似性系数（戴斯系数）分别为66．6％和62．5％;由采捕到市场6环节之间虾夷扇贝肠道菌群相似性系数依次为64．0％、73．3％、69．0％、63．6％及32．3％。采捕后至净化池以及净化后至市场均发生菌群条带的增加,表明采捕后流通环境的改变对扇贝肠道菌群结构有影响;净化处理具有有效的减菌效果;现有捕后处置方式即从采捕至净化Ⅱ,活品扇贝处于比较稳定的胁迫状态,而净化后的产品至消费市场环节的胁迫压力明显,即该零售终端环节对活品质量有重要影响。     

Taurine alone or in combination with fish protein hydrolysate affects growth performance,taurine transport and metabolism in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of taurine (Tau) alone or in combination with fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on growth performance, the expression of Tau transporter (TauT) and metabolic profile in juvenile turbot. FM, FPH0, FPH0+T, FPH10 and FPH10+T diets, respectively, contained 300, 150, 150, 80, and 80 g/kg fishmeal. FPH10 and FPH10+T diets contained 62 g/kg FPH. FPH0+T and FPH10+T diets were, respectively, prepared by supplementing the FPH0 and FPH10 diet formulations with 8 g/kg Tau. Specific growth rate was the highest in FM group and the lowest in FPH10 group. TauT mRNA levels in fish fed Tau supplemented diets were significantly lower than that in Tau unsupplemented diets. NMR‐based metabolomics analysis showed that Tau contents in liver of FPH0+T and FPH10+T were significantly higher than that of FM, FPH0 and FPH10. In muscle, Tau contents were significantly decreased in the FPH10+T versus FPH0 and the FPH10+T versus FPH10 comparisons. In conclusion, 62 g/kg FPH to replace fishmeal may not affect Tau synthesis, transport and metabolism. However, Tau supplemented alone or in combination with a certain level of FPH could reduce the requirement for Tau synthesis and transport and increased Tau levels in muscle and liver.     

Characterization of hepatic and extrahepatic glutathione S-transferases in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their induction by 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl

Liver, kidney, gill and olfactory epithelium cytosolic fractions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined for glutathione S-transferase (GST) contents. Proteins retained on a glutathione (GSH)-affinity matrix were separated as monomers by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized by immunoblotting, mass spectrometry and partial amino acid sequence. For each organ concerned, a specific pattern of these proteins was determined and appeared similar for liver and kidney on one hand, and for gill and olfactory epithelium on the other hand. It was confirmed that the prominent hepatic GST is a class enzyme, also constitutively expressed as a major isoform in the four organs studied. Moreover, a class variant and two new class GST subunits were characterized in minor fractions. An unknown protein, which was found major in gills and olfactory epithelium, exhibited some characteristics of class GSTs. Occurrence of possible GSH-adduct formation observed on two distinct monomers in specific experimental conditions is discussed. These results and methods were used to investigate the effect of 3,3,4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), on GST expression in trout liver. From HPLC-profiling, significant co-induction of the major class and the two minor class GST subunits was observed in trout after waterborne exposure to TCB which was followed by a slight increase in 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) activity. The present work allows qualitative evaluation of the specific detoxification potential of rainbow trout. The use of HPLC-profiling of GSTs as a possible tool for the biomonitoring of polluted aquatic environment is suggested.     

Using genetic methods for analysis of fish meals and feeds employed in Greek mariculture

Large quantities of high protein fish meals are needed to sustain cultured species and thus the impact to marine ecosystem has been highly discussed. The aim of this study was to apply a PCR‐cloning methodology for a robust insight into the composition of commercial fish meals and feeds for farmed species of the Greek mariculture, assessing the risk posed by aquaculture to marine ecosystems but also the risk posed by commercial fish feeds to the increase in trophic level of species farmed in Greece. 89% of the sequences were identified to species level and only 11% to genus/family level. Overall, a total of 49 taxa were identified (44 fish species/taxon, five non‐fish species/taxon). Even though small pelagic fish like Engraulis sp. were the main portion, a wide range of species constituted the fish meals and feeds. Plant and animal species were also detected as an alternative protein source. Feed products employed in Greek mariculture still contain large portions of fish meals which increase the mean trophic level of farmed species causing a farming up trend. The results emphasize that such molecular methodologies are needed to certify aquafeeds allowing fish feed producers to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable aquaculture.     

2003年春季东海区浮性鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成及数量分布

本文分析研究了2003年春季东海区(27°00′～34°00′N)150m以浅海域浮性鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成及数量分布。共鉴定49种鱼类的鱼卵、仔稚鱼,其中31种鉴定到种,隶属于26科、29属。优势种类为日本鳀、方氏云鳚、太平洋鲱。带鱼、小黄鱼等经济鱼类鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量少,鲱形目鱼类鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量较多。鱼卵、仔稚鱼分布主要在近海禁渔线附近海域。     

近30年渤海鱼类种群早期补充群体群聚特性和结构更替

基于30余年渤海鱼卵、仔稚鱼历史调查资料的整理分析并结合产卵场补充调查,以1982~1983年周年逐月调查资料为本底,采用多元统计学方法分析30余年渤海鱼类种群早期补充群体群聚特性(物种多样性和关键种群)的季节变化和年代际变化,并掌握结构更替过程中优势种和重要种协同消长规律。分析结果显示,渤海各调查季节(冬季除外)鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类数以及资源丰度指数呈先降后升变动趋势。当前鱼卵种类数仅为20世纪80年代1/2左右,资源丰度不足20世纪80年代的1/10;仔稚鱼种类数和资源丰度仅为20世纪80年代的3/4左右,但冬季仔稚鱼种类数和资源丰度指数呈现上升趋势。各调查时期相同季节鱼卵优势种变化不明显,但仔稚鱼优势种变化幅度超过鱼卵,底层重要经济种类早期补充群体优势度急剧下降;鱼卵和仔稚鱼物种多样性水平在升温季节较高而在降温季节较低,调查期内各季主要呈现先降后升变动趋势。鱼类早期补充群体种类更替现象明显,近年来种类更替率呈现明显加快趋势。各调查时期相同季节各适温类型产卵亲体种数均呈现先降后升变动趋势,但各适温类型种数所占比例和全年综合各适温类型种数所占比例基本稳定。各调查时期相同季节各主要栖所类型产卵亲体种类数也均呈现先降后升变动趋势,全年综合陆架浅水中上层鱼类种数所占比例升高,中底层和底层鱼类所占比例有所下降。近30年在多重外来干扰作用下,渤海鱼类早期补充过程各个关键环节已随其栖息地(产卵场)生境要素发生不可逆变化或变迁。渤海鱼类种群早期补充群体群聚特性和结构更替是环境-捕捞胁迫下鱼类群落内多重生态位的交替失调和渔业资源结构性衰退的具体表现。     

Use of Dried Fermented Biomass as a Fish Meal Replacement in Practical Diets of Florida Pompano,Trachinotus carolinus

Substitution of fish meal (FM) as a protein source in aquaculture diets is required to reduce cost and promote a sustainable industry. Potential protein sources include a range of traditional products from agricultural production such as plant or animal proteins. However, there are also a number of manufacturing coproducts, including bacterial dried fermented biomass (DFB,) for which there is an increased interest. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate DFB as a replacement for FM in practical diets for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four diets were prepared in which different levels of FM (15%, 10%, 5%, and 0% of the diet) were replaced with DFB (0%, 4.27%, 8.54%, and 12.82%) on an iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic basis, to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid. A 10-week growth trial was conducted in a recirculating system consisting of 12 indoor 1.0 m³ tanks, stocked with 20 juvenile pompano (mean initial weight 8.1 g) per tank. There were no significant differences in final weight (64.5 g?79.5 g), survival (81.7%–96.7%), percent weight gain (711.6%–879.0%), FCR (2.1–2.0), or thermal-unit growth coefficient (0.1013?0.1149), regardless of the levels of dietary FM or DFB tested. Based on these results, it is recommended that DFB can be included up to 12.8% in practical diets for Florida pompano without significantly reducing growth performance. The response to higher levels of DFB inclusion should be evaluated.     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.     

Microbial communities in various waters used for fish larval rearing

A major concern in larvae production is a mass mortality caused by fish diseases. In larvae production, pumped‐up natural seawater filtered through a sand filter system is used for fish rearing, and microalgae and rotifer cultures. Here, we investigated the community structures of eukaryotic microbes, as well as total bacteria and vibrios, in various processed ‘waters’ used in a larvae production site. We observed that ultraviolet irradiation of seawater was effective to reduce not only total bacteria and vibrios but also eukaryotic microbes. Moreover, the community structures of total bacteria and vibrios in rearing waters for fish larvae were different from those in rotifer cultures fed with Chlorella, but rather similar to those in natural seawater and microalgae cultures. These results suggest that the bacterial community in rearing waters may originate mainly from natural seawater and then be selected by microalgae in rearing water. Overall, this study provides useful information for avoiding the risk of fish disease outbreaks in a larvae production site.     

鱼类microRNA研究进展

microRNA是一种大小为18~25个核苷酸的非编码RNA,调控靶基因的转录后表达,广泛参与多种生理过程。本研究简要综述了microRNA生物学特性、转录后调控机制,详细讨论了第二代测序技术的相关应用、microRNA在鱼类中的表达模式、功能研究,包括渗透压调节、生殖、发育、生长、免疫、代谢等。现有的研究表明,miR-200和miR-30具有调控血浆离子浓度和渗透压平衡的功能;Dicer1是胚胎发育所必需的,在原肠胚时期,miR-20a调节头、眼、脊柱、体节的形态发生,miR-92调控内胚层的形成,miR-10影响体轴形成,miR-219影响头部和尾部细胞的凋亡;miR-122、miR-30、miR-145分别影响肝细胞成熟、肝胆管和肠道发育,miR-138和miR-143调控心脏发育,miR-126、miR-150、miR-451调控血小板、血细胞的发育和成熟,miR-10和miR-126影响血管生成,miR-200、miR-183分别影响嗅觉、听觉系统的发育,多个microRNA参与视网膜、肌肉、鱼鳍、肝脏等器官的再生;miR-133a/b、miR-206抑制肌肉细胞分裂,miR-214、miR-499、miR-199、miR-3906调控快肌纤维和慢肌纤维的生成;miR-430促进原始生殖细胞的生成;多个microRNA参与到禁食和再投喂调控的分解代谢和合成代谢平衡;此外,microRNA通过对免疫因子的调控参与到先天免疫、低氧适应、体色调控、应激反应、肌间刺形成等生理过程中。本研究通过对这些结果进行总结和讨论分析,将有助于对鱼类microRNA研究领域现状的了解和把握,促进鱼类非编码RNA研究的深入。