建立坡面植被恢复群落质量评价体系的探讨

利用构建AHP评判矩阵计算各评价指标的权重,根据对专家建议值的统计,确定4个分时期对整个坡面植被恢复群落质量的影响权重,并计算出坡面植被质量的最终值,然后根据给出的值域进行植被恢复群落质量等级划分。     

南宁市十字花科蔬菜害虫天敌群落结构分析

南宁市十字花科蔬菜害虫天敌群落物种有70种(类)，隶属7目26科。主要有青翅隐翅虫(Paederus fuseipes)，长足虻(Dolichopodidae)、小菜蛾绒茧蜂(Cotesta plutellae)、八斑鞘蛛(Coleoserma octumaculalum)、食虫沟瘤蛛(Ummeliata insecticeps)、浅斑近微蛛(Eperigone fredeorum)和肖蛸(Tetragnatha)。蜘蛛的种类和数量皆为无公害和常规栽培两类菜地天敌之最。群落的多样性和均匀度偏低，优势种突出。文中揭示了两类菜地天敌群落的相似性及其结构特点和时间动态。认为占两类菜地节肢动物群落物种的53．44％和占个体数量的24．96％的菜地害虫天敌资源，是值得进一步研究和保护利用的自然生物控制因素。     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

Reciprocal transfer effects on denitrifying community composition and activity at forest and meadow sites in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon

In order to examine the effects of disturbance, vegetation type, and microclimate on denitrification and denitrifier community composition, experimental plots were established at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Soil cores were reciprocally transplanted between meadow and forest and samples were collected after 1 and 2 years. Denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) was measured using the acetylene block assay and terminal restriction length polymorphism profiles were generated with nosZ primers that target the gene coding for nitrous oxide reductase. Nitrate concentrations, C mineralization, and water content were measured to gain additional insights into soil properties controlling DEA. Meadow soils were significantly higher in DEA than forest soils, and the highest DEA levels were observed in cores transferred from the meadow into the forest. Nitrate concentrations were also different between forest and meadow soils, but did not correlate to DEA. DEA was higher in open versus closed cores, suggesting an association between denitrification and the rhizosphere. Denitrifier communities of undisturbed forest and meadow soils shifted through a 4-year period but remained distinct from each other. Similarly, denitrifier communities clustered by vegetation type of origin regardless of manipulation, suggesting that the overall denitrifier communities are well buffered against environmental changes.     

土壤质量生物学指标研究进展

本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。     

土壤微生物多样性研究方法的进展

对土壤微生物的4类研究方法即:传统微生物培养法、微生物标记物法、BIOLOGGN微平板法和微生物分子生物技术方法及其应用特点进行了简要的评述和分析,旨在通过比较寻求能够揭示土壤微生物群落结构的最佳方法。分子生物技术方法与传统研究方法等相结合将是大力推动土壤微生物研究的有效方式。     

Hydrolase activity, microbial biomass and community structure in long-term Cd-contaminated soils

Long-term effects of high Cd concentrations on enzyme activities, microbial biomass and respiration and bacterial community structure of soils were assessed in sandy soils where Cd was added between 1988 and 1990 as Cd(NO₃)₂ to reach concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹ dry weight soil. Soils were mantained under maize and grass cultivation, or ‘set-aside’ regimes, for 1 year. Solubility of Cd and its bioavailability were measured by chemical extractions or by the BIOMET bacterial biosensor system. Cadmium solubility was very low, and Cd bioavailability was barely detectable even in soils polluted with 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹. Soil microbial biomass carbon (B_C) was slightly decreased and respiration was increased significantly even at the lower Cd concentration and as a consequence the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was increased, indicating a stressful condition for soil microflora. However, Cd-contaminated soils also had a lower total organic C (TOC) content and thus the microbial biomass C-to-TOC ratio was unaffected by Cd. Alkaline phosphomonoesterase, arylsulphatase and protease activities were significantly reduced in all Cd-contaminated soils whereas acid phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase and urease activites were unaffected by Cd. Neither changes in physiological groups of bacteria, nor of Cd resistant bacteria could be detected in numbers of the culturable bacterial community. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the bacterial community showed slight changes in maize cropped soils containing 0.18 and 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹ soil as compared to the control. It was concluded that high Cd concentrations induced mainly physiological adaptations rather than selection for metal-resistant culturable soil microflora, regardless of Cd concentration, and that some biochemical parameters were more sensitive to stress than others.     

长期施用化肥对红壤性水稻土中微生物生物量、活性及群落结构的影响

利用化肥长期定位试验,研究了施肥对土壤微生物生物量、活性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施用化肥不仅增加了土壤微生物生物量,而且导致了土壤微生物群落结构的分异.其中,有机无机配施处理和2倍NPK配施处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量、全N含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物活性.NPK均衡施肥处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响小于非均衡施肥的处理(NP、NK、N、P、K),适当增施K肥有利于提高土壤微生物中真菌的比例.     

不同人为干扰尺度对米槠群落外貌特征影响研究

从群落外貌探讨不同人为干扰尺度对福建武平米槠林的影响。结果表明:随着人为干扰尺度(CK对照、A级择伐更新、B级天然更新、C级人工促进天然更新和D级杉木林)的加大藤本植物、地面芽植物、地上芽植物、中型叶、草质叶、复叶和落叶的种类逐渐上升或呈“S”型上升,而高芽位植物、小型叶、革质叶、全缘叶、单叶和常绿的种类逐渐下降或呈“S”下降;CK、A级、B级和C级的外貌是由革质、单叶、小型叶为主的常绿高位芽植物所决定的,而D级由草质、单叶、中型叶为主的常绿高位芽植物所决定的。     

农村社区动态交互式三维虚拟漫游系统的实现

为了提高农村社区规划建设的可视化宣传效果,为用户提供直观的操作工具辅助实现农村社区规划建设信息的管理,提出了一种基于虚拟建模现实语言(VRML)的农村社区动态交互三维虚拟漫游系统的实现方法.在本方法中,农村社区三维虚拟场景是通过社区布局VRML建模、社区纹理数据和层次化数字高程模型(DEM)数据的VRML表达两个过程建立;通过将社区中建筑物、树木等对象实体设置为具有三维坐标和属性集的锚点,并利用Java与虚拟现实建模语言对锚点的操作实现空间定位、距离分析、三维虚拟场景属性和空间位置查询等实时动态交互过程.该方法已经在北京房山八十亩地村网络虚拟漫游系统的实现中得到应用,应用效果表明系统仅需在带宽100 kB网络条件下即可快速响应用户的各种操作请求,适合在大都市周边农村地区大规模推广应用.