鱼类耗氧率测试装置的设计

本文论述了鱼类耗氧率测试装置的结构设计,讨论了平均体质量（156±3.36）g匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathula）幼鱼耗氧率与窒息点的测试方法。在结构设计中,尺寸参数的选择确保了鱼类耗氧率、窒息点测试过程中流入呼吸室的水流均匀,水样采样准确;方便了测试过程中对鱼类行为生物学的观察,呼吸室中没有空气气泡干涉,提高了测试数据的准确性。实测结果表明,匙吻鲟幼鱼耗氧率的最高值为（0.528±0.035）mg.g-1.h-1,最低值为（0.197±0.028）mg.g-1.h-1,窒息点为3.468 mg.L-1。     

福建省主要海水养殖鱼类疾病及其防治

本文通过对福建省沿海海水养殖鱼类发生的疾病种类、主要发病鱼类、疾病主要症状、流行情况及防治方法进行调查，总结出福建省海水养殖鱼类近三年共发生24种疾病，其中病毒性疾病2种，细菌性疾病4种，寄生虫性疾病11种，不明原因疾病7种。这些疾病中危害较大的主要是病毒病、弧菌病和本尼登虫病。     

病毒感染过程中青鳉irf2基因过表达的双面性

为了探究干扰素调节因子2 (interferon regulatory factor,IRF2)如何通过调控干扰素(IFN)表达影响鱼类的免疫,实验从青鳉中克隆了irf2 (Olirf2),发现该基因在青鳉各个组织中均有表达;将构建的真核表达载体pTol2/CMV-IRF2/IE1-pr转染到胖头鱥肌肉细胞系(FHM)后,发现瞬时过表达Olirf2能够显著促进鲤春病毒血症病毒(spring viremia of carp virus,SVCV)的复制,并抑制抗病毒相关基因mx1、ifn和irf3的表达。进一步通过双荧光素报告系统发现,Olirf2能够显著抑制NF-κB和ISRE的活性,说明Olirf2可能通过抑制细胞的天然免疫应答进而促进病毒的增殖。然而持续过表达Olirf2则增强了细胞的抗病毒能力,同时促进干扰素相关基因mx1、ifn和irf3的表达。因此,Olirf2基于表达的持续时间不同而具有抗病毒或者促病毒的双面效果。实验通过研究Olirf2在抗病毒信号通路中发挥的作用,为通过基因编辑或者转基因手段来构建抗病毒的鱼类提供了理论基础。     

Improved performance of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, larvae after ozone disinfection of the eggs

Ozone (O₃) dissolved in seawater (ODS) was evaluated, as an egg disinfectant, on the spawn of captive gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, brood stock. Four contact times (CT) were tested (0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 mg min L⁻¹) where CT was calculated by multiplying the dissolved O₃ concentration (0.3 mg L⁻¹) by different exposure periods (2, 4, 8, 16 min). There was also a disinfected seawater treatment that contained no O₃ or derived compounds (CT 0) and an untreated seawater control. All ODS treatments reduced egg surface bacterial counts to zero, which was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the CT 0 and the control groups (194 and 1320 plate⁻¹ respectively). Nevertheless, the hatching rate was high in the control and the CT treatments 0, 0.6 and 1.2 (88.7%, 87.3%, 89.5% and 83.7% respectively) while eggs exposed to a CT 2.4 and 4.8 hatched poorly (36.5% and 20.4% respectively), which was likely due, at least in part, to larvae unable to break the egg chorion successfully. Swim‐bladder inflation was significantly higher in the ODS groups (>97%) compared with the control and CT 0 treatments (ca. 70%). The results suggest that a 2‐min exposure of eggs to 0.3 mg O₃ L⁻¹ of ODS (CT 0.6) would improve current protocols in marine larviculture.     

Towards sustainable exhibits – application of an inorganic fertilization method in coral reef fish larviculture in an aquarium

Coral reef fish are collected from the wild and exhibited in aquaria worldwide. Some of the fish spawn in captivity; however, the eggs are usually neglected. In this study, we collected the eggs spawned naturally in the exhibit tanks, hatched and cultured them indoor in 2000‐L fibreglass tanks (initial density = 18 000 egg tank^?1). We applied an inorganic fertilization method commonly used in freshwater fish culture in raising these coral reef fish larvae. We maintained inorganic phosphorus concentration at 100 μg P L^?1 and inorganic nitrogen at 700 μg N L^?1 daily in the fertilized group (n = 4), while the control tanks (n = 4) were fed with rotifers (10 ind mL^?1). Chlorophyll a at particle sizes of both 0.45–20 μm and >20 μm, as well as NH₃‐N, NO₃‐N, and PO₄‐P concentrations were significantly higher in the fertilized group than the control. Zooplankton in the size groups of 10–50 μm (mainly flagellates) and 50–100 μm (mainly ciliates) were abundant (about 10~60 ind mL^?1) during 3–7 days in fertilized tanks. The average larval fish survival rate at 21 day after hatch in fertilized group was consistently higher than the control in two trials. The experiments demonstrated that the inorganic fertilization approach can be successfully adapted for coral reef fish culture in an aquarium to achieve sustainable exhibits.     

Effects of alternative dietary lipid sources on growth performance,health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii Brandt ♂)

An 8‐week trial was conducted to determine the effects of total replacement of 12.9% fish oil (FO) with soybean oil (SBO), peanut oil (PNO), sunflower seed oil (SFSO), corn oil (CO) and canola oil (CNO) on growth performance, health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (194.28 ± 0.14 g). Compared to the FO group, dietary SBO decreased growth performance (p < .05), increased serum glucose and hepatic lipid content (p < .05). No obvious adverse effects on growth performance and health status were observed in PNO, SFSO and CO groups (p > 0.05). The fish fed with CNO had increased growth performance (p < .05), reduced serum ALT, AST, LDL‐C (p < .05) and enhanced serum GSH‐Px, T‐AOC, and LZM, MPO, C4 (p < .05). The contents of C18:1n9, C18:2n6, and ∑n‐3 PUFA and ∑n‐6 PUFA in fillets showed a positive linear correlation with the diets (p < .05). In summary, PNO, SFSO and CO are probable alternative lipid sources to fully replace FO. Hybrid sturgeon prefers to use CNO as a lipid source with improved growth performance and health status. The fillet fatty acid composition mirrors the dietary fatty acid composition.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected protein feed ingredients for loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, lipid and energy, and amino acids availability in white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal, fermented soybean meal, soybean meal and rapeseed meal were determined for loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) (12.05 ± 0.21 g), using a reference diet with 5 g kg^?1 chromic oxide and test diets that contained 700 g kg^?1 reference diet, by weight, and 300 g kg^?1 of the test feed ingredients. The juvenile loach was held in 300‐l tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. White fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal had highest apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy among ingredients tested, ranged from 50.4% to 60.9% for dry matter, from 64.6% to 88.4% for crude protein and from 57.9% to 79.0% for gross energy. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter ranged from 61.0% to 66.9% for animal products and 50.4% to 60.7% for plant products. For crude protein, apparent digestibility coefficients of protein exceeding 80% were observed for white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal, and the apparent digestibility coefficients of protein in rapeseed meal were the lowest among all the treatments. Lipids from both animal and plant feedstuffs were poorly digested by loach, ranging from 64.0% to 77.6%. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy were similar to those of dry matter and protein, and the highest and lowest ADCs of energy were found in WFM and RM, respectively. The loach used dietary phosphorus from the animal feedstuffs more efficiently than from plant feedstuffs (soybean meal and rapeseed meal), with ADC‐values ranging from 42.3% to 53.1% and from 25.1% to 32.7%, respectively. For the animal products, the availabilities of amino acids in white fish meal and brown fish meal were higher than that in meat meal, expect for Met, Asp, Pro, Gly, and Cys. Among all the plant products, the availabilities of amino acids in fermented soybean meal were higher than in soybean meal and rapeseed meal, and thus had a greater potential to be used as a dietary replacement of fish meal in loach diets.     

中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼肌肉生化成分的比较分析

利用常规肌肉生化成分测试方法测定了中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼肌肉的一般生化成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。结果表明,中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼肌肉中的一般生化成分均具有显著性差异。除水分外,成鱼肌肉的粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均显著性高于幼鱼(P<0.05)。中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼肌肉中含有包括色氨酸和牛磺酸在内的18种氨基酸,总量分别为78.68%和72.92%(质量分数,干样),其中包括人体必需氨基酸8种,总量分别为33.26%和31.05%,分别占氨基酸总量的42.28%和42.58%;中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼的必需氨基酸组成比例基本符合FAO/WHO的标准。中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼的限制性氨基酸均为色氨酸和蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为62.16和77.68,4种鲜味氨基酸含量分别为28%和26.44%(干样)。中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼肌肉中脂肪酸种类丰富,成鱼肌肉含有饱和脂肪酸(SFA)7种,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)5种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)8种;而幼鱼肌肉中SFA8种,MUFA6种,PUFA7种。中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼肌肉中EPA含量较低,分别占肌肉脂肪酸的2.49%和4.86%;而DHA较高,分别占肌肉脂肪酸的10.26%和16.23%。中国鲳成鱼和幼鱼必需氨基酸的A/E值较为接近,大小顺序均为:赖氨酸>亮氨酸>精氨酸>缬氨酸>异亮氨酸>苏氨酸>苯丙氨酸>蛋氨酸>组氨酸>色氨酸。     

Sex change in coral reef fish

Gonadal differentiation can take many forms in fish, ranging from gonochorism, where individuals directly develop as male or female and finally possess only testis or ovaries at sexual maturation, to hermaphroditism where the same individuals can produce mature male and female gametes at some time in their lives. Hermaphrodite fish are, thus, an excellent model for studying the plasticity of sex determination and differentiation in vertebrates. We have shown that sex steroids play a principal role in sex differentiation and sex change in fish. Our laboratory implements several fish models that undergo sex change from female to male or male to female or in both directions. In this review, we will briefly discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of sex change in coral reef fish.     

鞍带石斑鱼仔稚（幼）鱼的发育和生长研究

对鞍带石斑鱼的仔稚幼鱼形态发育的各个阶段进行了观察与研究,详细描述从初孵仔鱼到幼鱼各个发育时期的形态特征和发育时间。根据卵黄囊的变化,长鳍棘的长出与收缩,鳞片和体色斑纹的出现,鞍带石斑鱼胚后发育可以划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。仔鱼期又可分为卵黄囊期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。水温27～30℃,盐度27～31,pH值8.0～8.4的海水中培育,初孵仔鱼至孵化后2日龄为卵黄囊期仔鱼。2日龄仔鱼开口,3日龄至20日龄为后期仔鱼,22日龄至30日龄为稚鱼期,31日龄进入幼鱼期。鞍带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中最明显的变化是背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长和收缩,也是生产育苗当中比较关键的仔稚幼鱼变态过程。