秋季济南地区鱼类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

于2014年和2015年秋季对济南地区23个采样点的鱼类群落结构和环境因子特征进行了野外调查。结果表明:两年调查中采集到鱼类分别为5目25种和6目28种,各采样点鱼类个体数量平均值为45.61尾和66.48尾,香农威纳指数分别为1.45和1.81,均匀度指数分别为0.72和0.74。典范对应分析表明,2014年影响鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子是水温和总氮;2015年影响鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子是总磷和总氮。     

鳜鱼和奥利亚罗非血乳酸脱氢酶酶谱的比较

哺乳类动物各种组织和器官的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶较稳定,酶带分布非常有规律,同源组织的LDH同工酶酶谱通常相似和稳定。鱼类LDH同工酶复杂得多,有三分之二品种中,其LDH同工酶类似哺乳类动物的酶谱;但在其余三分之一种类中,两个亚基随机结合受到限制,出现了不规则酶谱,有的只有2—3条酶带,有的超过5条酶带。即使具有5条酶带的鱼中,其骨骼肌和心肌LDH在电泳酶谱上迁移快慢正好与哺乳类动物相反。此外鱼类C基因产物并不特定在某一组织或器官中,一些鱼的     

Modelling changes in the length–frequency distributions of fish larvae using field estimates of predator abundance and size distributions

The goal of this study is to determine if an individual-based size-dependent model can realistically simulate changes in the length–frequency distributions of several species of fish larvae collected in Conception Bay in 1993 and 1994, using field estimations of growth and predator abundance. We first model the length–frequency distribution of field samples with the best possible estimates of mean growth rate. Then, we add predation mortality given the characteristics of the predator community observed during our surveys, which was composed of macrozooplankton and adult capelin. The larval fish community is generally not affected by predation by macrozooplankton, as the average instantaneous mortality rate predicted by the model was 0.004 day^–1. Fish larvae appear to be more vulnerable to predation by the population of adult capelin. We estimate that an abundance of adult capelin ranging between 0.2 and 1.0 individuals per 1000 m^–3 may have a substantial impact on the larval fish community. The predictions of an individual-based model are directly related to the accuracy of estimates of the mean growth rates of the larval fish cohorts. We find that it is difficult to differentiate size-selective removal of individuals from random selection by analysing changes of the length–frequency distributions of the larval fish community.     

南海8种低值小杂鱼脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成分析

采用氯仿-甲醇法提取南海盛产的8种低值小杂鱼肌肉、鱼头、内脏中的粗脂肪,利用气相色谱分析其脂肪酸的组成。结果表明,低值小杂鱼头部粗脂肪含量为2.7%～9.7%,内脏粗脂肪含量为2.9%～6.2%,肌肉部分粗脂肪含量为2.0%～8.5%;不同低值小杂鱼的脂肪酸组成基本相同,但其含量有所差异,饱和脂肪酸含量最高,都在40%以上,内脏粗脂肪中的饱和脂肪酸含量较头部和肌肉中的含量高;多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异较大,粗脂肪含量较高的鱼中多不饱和脂肪酸的含量较低;不同鱼种不同部位的粗脂肪中EPA、DHA含量有所差异。蓝圆鲹的头部粗脂肪中DHA和EPA最高,含量达到28.4%,而双带海鲱鲤内脏粗脂肪中的EPA和DHA含量仅为7.26%。     

利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉对苏氏圆腹鱼芒摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响

摘要：通过8周网箱实验评价了利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕作为苏氏圆腹鱼芒 （Pangasius sutchi）饲料中鱼粉替代蛋白源的潜力。配制了7种等氮、等能饲料,其中基础饲料含45%鱼粉,按等量蛋白替代的原则,在其余6种饲料中分别添加31%和46%豆粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的50%和75%,或添加20%和40%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%,或添加19%和39%棉粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%。实验中所用的苏氏圆腹鱼芒初始体重为11.3 g。实验结果表明：添加豆粕将饲料中鱼粉含量从45%降低到23%,添加菜粕或棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到34%,对鱼成活率、摄食、鱼体增重、特定生长率（SGR）、饲料系数（FCR）、饲料蛋白储积率、脏体指数和红血细胞比积（Hct）未产生显著不良影响。添加豆粕将鱼粉含量降低到11%导致鱼摄食、鱼体增重和SGR下降,添加菜粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致FCR和鱼体能量储积率下降,添加棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致鱼体增重、SGR和Hct明显下降。上述结果显示,可通过添加豆粕（31%）将苏氏圆腹鱼芒 鱼种饲料中鱼粉含量降低到23%,或通过添加菜粕（20%）和棉粕（19%）将饲料中鱼粉含量降低到34%。     

Active metabolism in larval and juvenile fish: ontogenetic changes,effect of water temperature and fasting

Oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and fish swimming speed were measured in fish induced to swim by optomotor reaction in a circular metabolism chamber. The relationship between the swimming speed and fish metabolism described by exponential equations allowed the extrapolation to the standard metabolism, i.e. at zero swimming speed. The partitioning of the catabolised protein in the energy supply was estimated based on AQ (volume of ammonia/ volume of oxygen) values. Weight specific standard metabolism, as expressed by the ammonia excretion rate, decreased by one order of magnitude in coregonids as the fish grew from 20 to 780 mg body weight. The slope of the relationship between oxygen uptake and swimming speed decreased in coregonid ontogenesis. In salmon, after 12 days of fasting 28% of energy used was derived from protein, whilst coregonid juveniles utilized mostly lipid. Active swimming in fasted juveniles of coregonid, as well as in salmon, led to the accelerated utilization of protein as a source of energy, based on AQ coefficients. In juveniles acclimated to a range of water temperatures from 14 to 26°C, the changes in standard or active metabolic rate (expressed as oxygen uptake or ammonia excretion) were described by Q₁₀ coefficients. They were generally higher for the ammonia excretion rate than for the oxygen uptake rate and for active metabolism than for standard metabolism. Utilization of protein as energy for swimming differed significantly between the species, being in general one order of magnitude higher in coregonids than in salmon. The use of protein for swimming activity tended to decrease during coregonid ontogenesis.     

鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究概况

动物从受精卵发育到具有不同性别特征的个体是一个奇妙而又严谨的过程,是人类长期以来试图揭示的自然现象。上世纪90年代初在人类Y染色体上发现了性别决定基因SRY[1],进而发现了一个新的Sox基因家族[2]。上述基因的发现,促进了以哺乳类为代表的动物性别决定和分化机制研究。由于鱼类在脊椎动物中的特殊进化地位、庞大的种类数量以及显著的社会经济价值,鱼类的性别决定研究一直受到遗传和发育学者的重视。尽管离最终阐明鱼类性别决定的机制还有距离,但近20多年来鱼类性别决定的遗传基础研究已取得不少重要进展。本文试图根据现有文献资料,…     

饲料氧化鱼油引起草鱼肠道黏膜结构屏障损伤

为了研究饲料氧化鱼油对草鱼肠道屏障结构和肠道通透性的影响。(实验目的)以豆油、鱼油、氧化鱼油作为饲料脂肪源,分别设计鱼油组(6F)、豆油组(6S)、2%氧化鱼油(2OF)、4%氧化鱼油(4OF)及6%氧化鱼油(6OF)5组等氮、等能半纯化饲料,在池塘网箱养殖草鱼(平均体重74.8士1.2)72d。采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法,测定了草鱼肠道紧密连接蛋白中闭锁蛋白Occludin,闭合蛋白Claudin3、Claudin15a和胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3的基因表达活性,并结合肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构透射电镜观察结果、肠道通透性标志性指标测定结果综合分析。(实验方法)结果显示：在添加氧化鱼油后,(1)血清二胺氧化酶活性、内毒素和D-乳酸含量都出现显著增加(P<0.05);(2)组成肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构的闭合蛋白Claudin-3、Claudin-15a和胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3基因表达活性显著下调(P<0.05),而闭锁蛋白Occludin基因表达活性出现不同程度的下调,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)透射电镜观察结果显示肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构出现缝隙;⑷饲料中的AV值、POV值、MDA含量与闭合蛋白Claudin-3、Claudin-15a,胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3和闭锁蛋白Occludin基因表达活性均显示负相关关系的变化趋势,其中饲料POV值、MDA含量与胞浆蛋白ZO-1基因表达活性呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。(实验结果)结果表明,在饲料中添加氧化鱼油后,氧化鱼油中的过氧化物、丙二醛等油脂氧化产物导致组成肠道黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构的蛋白基因表达活性显著下调、紧密连接物理性结构显著损伤,致使肠黏膜屏障结构的完整性被破坏、肠黏膜通透性显著增加。(实验结论)     

Patterns and impacts of fish bycatch in a scallop dredge fishery

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