Water quality affects SDH activity, protein content and RNA:DNA ratios in fish (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Oreochromis mossambicus) raised in ponds of a sewage-fed fish farm

The spatial and seasonal variability of the respiratory enzyme succinate dehydrogenase and the protein content were examined in different tissues of fish cultured in three ponds along the effluent gradient of a sewage-fed fish farm. Indian major carp Catla catla (150-230 g) and Labeo rohita (60-190 g) cultured in both the middle and last points of the sewage effluent (stocking pond 1) and (stocking pond 4) and Oreochromis mossambicus (50-160 g), a naturally growing fish of the inlet (facultative pond) and the out let of the sewage effluent (stocking pond 4) were procured every month during the period of January-December, 2005 and were subjected to determination of succinate dehydrogenase activity, total protein, DNA and RNA contents from gill, liver and muscle tissue respectively. The SDH activity of all three test fishes (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Oreochromis mossambicus) was reduced significantly (ANOVA; P < 0.05) when cultured in SP-4 compared to SP-1 in the case of Catla catla and Labeo rohita and in facultative pond in the case of Oreochromis mossambicus.Conspicuous differences in the SDH activity of fish between the last and first stocking pond or the facultative pond were clearly due to the result of the differences in water quality. There was a direct relationship between SDH activity in gill tissue of any of the fish investigated and ammonia-N concentration of water or water pH. This shows that the respiratory activity of these fishes was strongly affected by the ammonia and pH of water. In other words, this suggests that as the distance from the point source increases, there was a substantial improvement of water quality in the ponds located along the sewage effluent gradient. Evidently, there is a progressive pattern of growth, survival and physiological health of fish and abundance of favorable diversity of food organisms with rich biodiversity.     

Response of Bacterial Biofilms in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems to Various Sanitizers

ABSTRACT

Pathogenic microorganisms may be incorporated into biofilms found in aquaculture systems, causing recurring exposure to potential disease agents. Aerobic plate counts, the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, and the presence of Escherichia coli, modified to express a green fluorescent protein (GFP E. coli), was used to evaluate the effectiveness of various sanitizers in decreasing bacterial incorporation into newly generated biofilms in recirculating aquaculture systems. Disks of Buna-N rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated PVC, glass, fiberglass, and stainless steel were placed in aquariums stocked with Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The effectiveness of water, an alkaline cleanser, sodium hypochlorite, a quaternary ammonium compound, or peracetic acid as a sanitizer was evaluated on each substrate by enumerating total plate counts, GFP E. coli, and Enterobacteriaceae. Sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid were the most effective sanitizers, with an overall percentage reduction of GFP E. coli of approximately 2 logs₁₀. The quaternary ammonium compound was moderately effective, 1 log₁₀, against the target organisms. Water demonstrated a 2 log₁₀ reduction of the total plate count, suggesting that some mechanical cleaning was achieved. The type of material used as substrate for the biofilm had no significant (P?>?0.05) effect on the effectiveness of the sanitizers.     

Structure and Management Issues of the Emerging Ornamental Fish Trade In Eritrea

Following independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea resumed exploiting Red Sea and Arabian fish species for the ornamental trade in 1995 as a means to earn foreign exchange from sparsely exploited marine resources. This paper describes the findings of research conducted in 1997, in collaboration with the Eritrean Ministry of Fisheries. The capture, transport and export of aquarium fish were reviewed and potential impacts and the status of management were investigated through liaison with stakeholders and researchers. From 1995 to 1997 two companies exported approximately 60,000 fish per year, mainly to the USA, worth US$65,000 (export value). Seventy-five species (from 22 families) were exported. Damselfishes made up two-thirds of total exports but more valuable families (angelfishes and butterflyfishes) were more economically significant. To earn revenue for Eritrea, a 20% export tax was imposed, although this was calculated from declarations by the operators. The emerging nature of the trade allowed detailed monitoring by the Ministry of Fisheries. However, management efforts were constrained by a lack of capacity for enforcement and baseline research. Several potential effects of the trade exist but other, land-based impacts may be more pressing concerns for Eritrea's reefs. Research priorities for management are discussed as well as the implications of mariculture of Eritrean species by other nations.     

砂滤罐处理工厂化养鱼循环水效果

根据石英砂粒径与颗粒密度的关系,研究砂滤罐处理工厂化养鱼循环水效果,该试验采用了2组并联的3层滤料普通砂滤罐,根据几何、物理原理,以石英砂最大颗粒密度,粒径3 mm作为中层,粒径2 mm和5 mm作为上下层,且颗粒密度均小于中层的设计。进行砂滤罐工厂化循环水处理效果和反冲洗再生效果的试验,结果表明：悬浮物去除效果极为显著（P＜0.01）,去除率达99.83%,达到了去除悬浮物的要求。砂滤罐经过反冲洗后,能够再生使用。     

Phage Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy: Low Environmental Impact Approaches to Inactivate Microorganisms in Fish Farming Plants

Owing to the increasing importance of aquaculture to compensate for the progressive worldwide reduction of natural fish and to the fact that several fish farming plants often suffer from heavy financial losses due to the development of infections caused by microbial pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria, more environmentally-friendly strategies to control fish infections are urgently needed to make the aquaculture industry more sustainable. The aim of this review is to briefly present the typical fish farming diseases and their threats and discuss the present state of chemotherapy to inactivate microorganisms in fish farming plants as well as to examine the new environmentally friendly approaches to control fish infection namely phage therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.     

底拖网回捕增殖对虾对经济幼鱼的损害

1984～1986年在山东南部沿海八大港湾同步增殖放流体长3cm以上的虾苗14.9116亿尾,累计回捕增殖对虾1.4亿尾,平均回捕率为9.4％,其中拖网回捕增殖对虾累计为1184.7t,但损害的七种经济幼鱼累计为4402t,应引起重视这一问题。     

食用鱼类甲醛本底含量研究初报

通过对56种海水鱼共计105个样品,16种淡水鱼共计19个样品的甲醛本底含量研究。结果发现,食用鱼类的甲醛本底含量不同且差异较大,海水活鱼与海水冷冻鱼的甲醛含量均显著高于淡水活鱼与淡水冷冻鱼（P〈0．01）;海水鱼中龙头鱼和鳕鱼类样品甲醛本底含量较高;大部分淡水鱼未检出甲醛;同一品种不同存活状态的鱼,其甲醛含量也不同,活体鱼中甲醛含量最低,冰鲜样品中甲醛含量最高,冷冻样品随着冻藏时间的延长甲醛含量呈现上升趋势。     

应用于冷水鱼养殖的臭氧-氨氮反应塔设计及试验

为了处理冷水鱼养殖过程中养殖水体内积累的氨氮,基于气泡流体力学原理,根据臭氧气泡在水体中的运动、溶解扩散和大小变化方程,设计了一种双层逆流臭氧反应塔,并在工厂化养殖试验系统中进行了臭氧氧化氨氮效果试验和养殖水体臭氧残留浓度监测试验。结果表明,利用该反应塔进行臭氧催化氧化氨氮,可以去除养殖水体中54%的氨氮,处理效果较好;对养殖水体臭氧浓度监测表明,臭氧在水中的残留浓度低于0.01 mg/L,符合养殖鱼类对水体臭氧浓度的安全要求。通过设计、研制和试验,证明双层逆流臭氧氧化反应塔结构合理、氧化反应充分,达到了设计高效臭氧氧化氨氮设备的目的。     

Spatial integration of freshwater fish markets in the Northern Baltic Sea area

Freshwater fish species and Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) are important to small-scale fisheries in Finland and Sweden. The formerly local markets for these species have expanded as trade has been opened up to international competition. In this study we use cointegration analysis to test the spatial integration of freshwater fish markets in Finland and between Finland and Sweden. The analysed fish species are salmon, perch (Perca fluviatilis), pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), European whitefish (Goregonus lavaretus) and pike (Exos lucius), and the data covers ex-vessel prices from 1993 or 1995 to 2004. We found that the regional prices in Finland were cointegrated. This indicates that the prices are determined on a single market in Finland. Moreover, the study suggests that Finnish and Swedish markets in Baltic salmon, whitefish, pikeperch and perch were partially integrated, while integration of pike markets could not be found. The political implication is that an essential part of the local small-scale fisheries’ operational environment is determined outside the national borders.     

Experimental infections of a ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis on ornamental fishes

SUMMARY: Experimental infection of Tetrahymena pyriformis was conducted on ornamental fishes with skin wounded by acetic acid treatment. Among fishes used in this experimental infection, guppy Poecilia reticulata , pristella Pristella maxillaris , neontetra Paracheirodon innesi and cherry barbs Puntius titteya proved to be sensitive to challenge, while medaka Oryzias latipes , dwarf gourami Colisa lalia , goldfish Carassius auratus , platy Xiphophorus maculatus and angelfish Pterophyllum scalare were resistant. In catfish Corydoras aeneus infection was unsuccessful. Exposure to Tetrahymena at ≥100 cells/mL at 25 to 30°C and at pH of 6.0 to 8.0 resulted in the successful infection of some sensitive fish species. Histological and bacteriological observations suggest that deeply destroyed skin tissues from the acid-treated method are the primary factors in successful infection.