镉暴露对鲢幼鱼游泳行为影响的研究

为了探讨水体镉(Cd)污染对鱼类的生态毒理效应,在实验室条件下,测定了不同浓度Cd(0、0.36、0.73、1.09和1.46 mg/L)暴露对鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼半致死浓度、组织(肝、鳃、肌肉)Cd累积量、相对临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、以及耗氧率(MO_2)的影响。结果显示:Cd暴露导致重金属在幼鱼组织中累积,与对照组比较,Cd在鳃和肌肉中累积量差异不显著;肝脏中累积量差异显著,暴露浓度为0.73 mg/L时肝脏中镉累积量最高。鲢幼鱼相对临界游泳速度随着Cd暴露增加显著降低,浓度为1.46 mg/L时Ucrit为对照组的69.75%。临界游泳速度与鳃和肌肉组织中镉累积量呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.96(P=0.01)和-0.90(P=0.04)。Cd暴露导致鲢幼鱼耗氧代谢范围增加,暴露浓度为0.73 mg/L时耗氧代谢范围较对照组增加了19.32%。低浓度Cd暴露导致鳃和肌肉损伤,并引起鲢幼鱼游泳过程中耗氧代谢效率降低,有氧运动能力和游泳能力下降。     

大渡河软刺裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis malacanthus）游泳能力研究

为了探究大渡河软刺裸裂尻鱼的游泳能力,为大渡河水域过鱼设施的设计提供基础数据支持以及充实鱼类游泳能力机制的数据资料。本研究采用递增流速法,用自制Brett-type水槽对大渡河软刺裸裂尻鱼的感应流速、临界游泳速度、突进游泳速度进行测试。结果表明,在水温范围为11.9~14.1℃条件下,体长为15~21.5cm,体重为34.8~152.9g的大渡河软刺裸裂尻鱼的绝对感应流速为0.084~0.0948m/s,相对感应流速为0.321~0.588BL/s,相对感应游泳速度随体长增大而减小;绝对临界游泳速度（Ucrit）为0.61~1.31m/s,相对临界游泳速度为4.16~5.076BL/s,这两者均随体长增大而增大;大渡河软刺裸裂尻鱼的绝对突进游泳速度（Uburst）为1.02~1.4m/s,与体长关系并不显著（P>0.05）,相对突进游泳速度为5.73~8.36BL/s,随体长增加而减小。通过视频回放发现,试验鱼突进游泳速度测试过程分为三个阶段：占突进速度0~29%,速度范围为0~0.4m/s;占突进速度29%~60%,速度范围为0.4~0.84m/s;占突进速度60%~100%,速度范围为0.84~1.4m/s。各阶段的静止不动、平稳摆动、冲刺-滑行三种游泳状态所占比例有显著不同。本研究可为以大渡河软刺裸裂尻鱼为过鱼对象的过鱼设施设计提供流速指标参考。     

大渡河下游典型鱼类的游泳能力测试

通过测试鱼类的游泳能力,可为过鱼设施设计和鱼类行为学研究提供基础资料。在水温18.9～24.3℃和溶氧5.58～8.17 mg/L条件下,采用丹麦Loligo System公司的鱼类游泳能力环形试验水槽,以大渡河下游6种典型鱼类胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)、长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongata)、长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)、异鳔鳅鮀(Xenophysogobio boulengeri)、唇鱼骨(Hemibarbus labeo)、四川白甲鱼(Onychostoma angustistomata)为研究对象,分别测试其感应流速、临界游泳速度和爆发游泳速度。结果显示:(1)测试鱼的平均感应流速:白甲鱼9.9～12.3 cm/s,唇鱼骨8.5～11.1 cm/s,异鳔鳅鮀12.0～17.5 cm/s,胭脂鱼8.3～13.5 cm/s,长薄鳅14.7～18.1 cm/s,长鳍吻鮈14.0～18.6 cm/s;(2)平均临界游速:白甲鱼106.3～131.1 cm/s,唇鱼骨67.9～78.4cm/s,异鳔鳅鮀72.9～80.5 cm/s,胭脂鱼78.1～89.9 cm/s,长薄鳅89.6～109.9 cm/s,长鳍吻鮈83.1～103.8 cm/s;(3)平均爆发游速:白甲鱼149.4～159.1 cm/s,唇鱼骨98.9～128.5 cm/s,异鳔鳅鮀98.5～141.5 cm/s,胭脂鱼92.3～125.7 cm/s,长薄鳅125.4～151.8 cm/s,长鳍吻鮈128.6～163.8 cm/s。建议过鱼孔口近底边区域流速为1.0～1.2 m/s,其余高流速区适当放大至1.4～1.5 m/s;鱼道进口流速为0.7～1.5 m/s,出鱼口设置在流速持续不小于0.3 m/s的水域,过鱼设施平均流速范围为0.6～1.0 m/s。     

Vertical movements of Atlantic salmon post-smolts relative to measures of salinity and water temperature during the first phase of the marine migration

Abstract  The migratory behaviour of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts during the first phase of the marine migration was examined to assess their susceptibility to salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), infestations. Swimming depths of eight post-smolts relative to the measured salinity and temperature were monitored for an average of 11.4 h following release outside the mouth of the River Eio using depth sensitive acoustic transmitters. Vertical salinity and temperature distributions were simultaneously recorded along the migratory route. Mean swimming depth was 1.7 m (individual mean 0.5–2.1 m). There was no overall preference among all the post-smolts for specific salinity concentrations. Typically post-smolts migrated the majority (68%) of their time at salinities <20 psu (brackish water), and as a result outside the reported salinity tolerances of sea lice. Furthermore, post-smolts chose the warmest water layer during their coastal migration.     

Sex effect on polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in fish: a synthesis

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate in fish primarily via food intake, and therefore, PCBs serve as a chemical tracer for food consumption. Sex differences in PCB concentrations of fish have been attributed to the following three mechanisms: (i) females losing a substantial portion of their PCB body burden during spawning and consequently their PCB concentration is considerably reduced immediately after spawning; (ii) sex differences in habitat utilization leading to sex differences in the PCB concentrations of the prey; and (iii) sex differences in gross growth efficiency, which is defined as growth divided by the amount of food consumption needed to achieve that growth. Based on my analyses and synthesis, mechanisms (i) and (ii) operate in relatively few fish populations, but can lead to mature males having PCB concentrations two to three times higher than mature female PCB concentrations. In contrast, mechanism (iii) operates in all fish populations, but typically, mechanism (iii) results in relatively modest sex differences, with mature males only between 15 and 35% higher in PCB concentration than mature females. In summary, the study of sex differences in PCB concentrations of fish has led to insights into fish behaviour and fish physiology.     

水温、盐度和溶氧对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼游泳能力的影响

为了考查水温、盐度和溶氧对红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼游泳能力的影响,测定了其在不同水温[15.2、20.2、25.6(对照)和30.4℃]、盐度[0、10、20、32(对照)和40]和溶氧[2.14、4.10、5.81和7.36 mg/L(对照)]条件下的临界游速和最大游速。结果表明,水温和溶氧含量均显著影响实验鱼的临界游速和最大游速(P0.01)。随水温和溶氧含量升高,实验鱼的临界游速和最大游速均逐渐增加。水温(T,℃)与临界游速(U_(crit),cm/s)和最大游速(U_(max),cm/s)均呈二次函数关系,关系式分别为U_(crit)=-0.095T 2+5.450T-47.79,R~2=0.995(P0.01)和U_(max)=-0.018T 2+2.204 T-12.27,R~2=0.981(P0.01)。溶氧含量(DO,mg/L)与临界游速和最大游速也均呈二次函数关系,关系式分别为U_(crit)=0.230DO2+1.561DO+5.84,R~2=0.995(P0.01)和U_(max)=-0.806 DO2+11.10DO-3.919,R~2=0.985(P0.01)。不同盐度下实验鱼的临界游速和最大游速与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。结论认为,低温和缺氧会降低红鳍东方鲀放流苗种的游泳能力,进而降低其放流后的捕食成功率,提高被捕食概率。     

A new method for recording activities of spinal motoneurons during fictive swimming in paralyzed teleost fish

ABSTRACT: A new method for monitoring spinal motoneuron activities during fictive swimming in teleost fish was developed. Enamel-insulated copper wire electrodes were implanted in the trunk muscle of goldfish or carp. For each freely moving fish, an electromyogram (EMG) was recorded using the electrodes. In those fish paralyzed with curare, using the same electrode set, bursts of electrical activities consisted of spikes of smaller amplitude and of shorter duration compared with those recorded by EMG. Simultaneous recording of the extracellular activity and intracellular recording from the muscle revealed that the bursts of spikes recorded in the paralyzed fish were motor nerve impulses innervating the muscle and are considered to be fictive swimming activity. The method developed in the present study provides a useful tool with which to investigate neuronal mechanisms underlying swimming activity in teleost fish.     

Chub mackerel larvae fed fish larvae can swim faster than those fed rotifers and Artemia nauplii

ABSTRACT: Developmental changes of swimming speed were analysed in the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus raised on two distinct dietary regimens. One group was fed only zooplankton such as rotifers and Artemia nauplii (R group) and the other group was fed rotifers plus red sea bream Pagrus major larvae (Pm group). Fish from the Pm group grew faster than those from the R group, and both the cruise and burst swimming speeds were faster for the Pm group even when match-sized comparisons were made. Fish in the Pm group attained a standard length (SL) of 17.5 mm by day 14 and their cruise and burst swimming speeds were 5.39 SL/s and 18.45 SL/s, whereas the R group attained 17.35 mm SL by day 17 and their cruise and burst swimming speeds were 4.28 SL/s and 13.98 SL/s. The results suggest that the swimming speed of chub mackerel in the wild would develop differently depending on the food resources they happen to encounter.     

Effects of size and sex on swimming performance and metabolism of invasive mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki

In freshwater ecosystems, abiotic factors such as flow regime and water quality are considered important predictors of ecosystem invasibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the critical swimming capacity and metabolism of the eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, focusing on sex and size effects, to evaluate the influence of water flow on its invasive success. Specimens of mosquitofish were captured from the Ter Vell lagoon (L'Estartit, north‐eastern Spain) in July 2014, and we measured the critical swimming speed (U_crit) and oxygen consumption of individual fish (30 females and 30 males) using a mini swim tunnel. The mean U_crit of this poeciliid fish was estimated at 14.11 cm·s^?1 (range = 4.85–22.26), which is lower than that of many other fishes of similar size and confirms that this species is limnophilic and its invasive success might be partially explained by hydrologic alterations. However, the U_crit and maximal metabolic rate vary markedly with fish size and sex, with males having much higher values for the same body mass, and thus probably being more resistant to strong water flows. Multiple regression models illustrate that multivariate analyses might increase the predictive power and understanding of swimming performance and metabolic traits, compared to results from conventional simple regressions.     

Swimming performance of wild and F1-hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts

Abstract –  The swimming performance of wild and hatchery-reared smolts of two salmonid species was investigated. Wild Atlantic salmon smolts (WS) and brown trout smolts (WT) of equal size were caught in fish traps during migration. Hatchery-reared smolts of both species (HS and HT for salmon and trout respectively) were first generation offspring from wild broodstock. The swimming performance of individual smolts from the four groups (WS, HS, WT, HT) was tested three consecutive times using a swimming flume with water flowing at a start rate of 0.16 m·s⁻¹ and a constant acceleration rate of 0.167 cm·s⁻² (10 cm·s⁻¹·min⁻¹). Wild caught smolts of both species performed significantly better than those reared in hatchery conditions. The WS group were observed to maintain an average swimming speed ( U _burst) that was 30% faster than the HS group, whereas the wild trout smolts were superior to HT by approximately 25%. Repeated measures revealed species-specific exhaustion patterns. Brown trout smolts maintained consecutive U _burst indicating significant stamina compared with Atlantic salmon smolts that were found to be exhausted by the initial trial.