A respirometer with controlled water quality and computerized data acquisition for experiments with swimming fish

This paper describes the design of a modified Brett-type respirometer for use with fish up to 2 kg at swimming speeds as high as 2.5 m·s^-1. Control of the respirometer, experimental monitoring and data acquisition are performed by computer. Water velocity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide can be controlled at predetermined levels to enable experiments to be conducted over several days with minimal deterioration in water quality.     

铜暴露对草鱼幼鱼代谢行为的影响

为了探讨水体中铜污染对鱼的生态毒理效应和游泳能力的影响,在实验室条件下,测定了铜暴露草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)幼鱼半致死浓度、不同浓度铜暴露(0、0.025、0.050、0.075、0.10 mg·L~(-1))96 h后组织(肝、鳃、肌肉)铜累积量、相对临界游泳速度(U_(crit))以及耗氧率(MO_2)。结果表明:与对照组比较,铜暴露对组织(肝、鳃、肌肉)铜累积量无显著影响(P0.05),铜对草鱼幼鱼的安全浓度为0.008 mg·L~(-1)。铜暴露草鱼幼鱼相对临界游泳速度受抑制显著(P0.05),不同浓度暴露后U_(crit)分别较对照组下降了18.4%、21.8%、33.8%和38.1%。随着游泳速度的增加,其速度-代谢率关系为MO_2=a+b×U~c,随着暴露浓度增加,速度参数c值增加,不同浓度铜暴露后c分别比对照组增加了37.78%、33.33%、56.67%和61.11%,表明游泳能量利用率下降。铜暴露导致草鱼幼鱼有氧代谢范围增加,0.1 mg Cu·L~(-1)时有氧代谢范围比对照组增加了37.48%。铜暴露对草鱼幼鱼的游泳能力以及氧代谢行为产生影响,尤其是导致游泳效率降低、抑制游泳能力。     

温度对白鲢幼鱼游泳能力及代谢影响的研究

以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼(体长10.9～11.8cm,体重16.0～19.0g)为对象,研究了在不同温度(15、18、21、25℃)条件下的游泳能力及耗氧率。结果表明:(1)鲢幼鱼的相对临界游泳速度分别为:(5.30±0.32)、(5.87±0.25)、(6.17±0.16)、(6.85±0.16)BL/s,临界游泳速度随温度升高呈线性增加,拟合方程:Ucrit=3.073+0.150T(R2=0.983,P<0.005)。(2)在同一温度下耗氧率随流速的增加而增加,在同一流速下耗氧率随温度的增加而增加;使用power方程拟合耗氧率与流速关系,4种温度下的速度指数分别为1.41、1.31、1.60、1.80,随着温度的升高而增大。研究结果为水温变化对鱼类影响以及鱼道流速设计提供了鲢幼鱼游泳能力参数。     

高能营养液对游泳小鼠抗疲劳效果的研究

以负重游泳的方法制备疲劳模型,观察小鼠力竭性游泳时间和游泳后的血糖、尿素氮及肝糖原水平.结果表明:高能营养液组、葡萄糖氨基酸组、葡萄糖组动物力竭性游泳时间比游泳对照组分别延长142.42%、83.23%和37.37%,高能营养液组和葡葡糖氨基酸组动物力竭性游泳时间与游泳对照组比较,差异极显著(P<0.01);游泳对照组与正常对照组比较,血糖、肝糖原含量均降低,尿素氮水平升高.差异均极显著(P<0.01);与游泳对照组相比,高能营养液组、葡萄糖氨基酸组、葡萄糖组的血糖和肝糖原水平均有所升高,尿素氮水平卜升幅度减小.其中,高能营养液中高剂量组的血糖、血尿素氮、肝糖原与游泳对照组比较,差异极显著(P<0.01).表明该宠物用高能营养液能有效维持游泳动物血糖、肝糖原水平,抑制蛋白质分解,增强体能,具有一定的抗疲劳作用.     

鲢鳙幼鱼临界游泳速度的比较研究

通过比较不同鱼类的游泳能力,为鱼道建设和鱼类行为学研究提供基础资料。在(20±1)℃水温下,使用丹麦Loligo System公司的鱼类行为视频跟踪系统,采用Brett流速递增法,以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)为研究对象,体长作为划分依据,分别测定不同体长组鲢鳙临界游泳速度。结果表明:(1)鲢鳙绝对临界游泳速度随着体长的增加而增大,相对临界游泳速度随着体长的增大而减小,鲢体长与绝对临界游泳速度拟合方程为:Y1=0.10X21-0.11X1+55.86(R2=0.85),与相对临界游泳速度拟合方程为:y1=0.02x21-0.87x1+12.86(R2=0.94),鳙体长与绝对临界游泳速度拟合方程为:Y2=0.03X32-1.29X22+21.04X2-29.21(R2=0.85),与相对临界游泳速度拟合方程为:y2=0.02x22-0.87x2+14.81(R2=0.98);(2)相近体长组鲢(10.11±0.24)cm和鳙(10.78±1.34)cm临界游泳速度分别为(65.50±2.08)cm/s和(80.89±4.03)cm/s,可知鳙鲢,且差异性显著(P0.05);(16.90±0.55)cm鲢和(15.39±0.62)cm鳙的临界游泳速度为(83.92±3.03)cm/s和(91.62±3.54)cm/s,无显著性差异(P0.05);(3)通过比较鲢鳙临界游泳速度与突进游泳速度能力,发现鲢的突进游泳速度大于鳙,而临界游泳速度小于后者,可知鲢鳙有氧运动和无氧运动能力之间存在权衡作用,临界游泳速度与突进游泳速度不一定呈现正相关关系。鱼类能否顺利完成上溯需求取决于鱼道内水力条件和自身游泳能力。     

草鱼快速启动过程的加速—滑行游泳行为

以3种不同体长的草鱼为研究对象,在水温(20.00±1.50)℃条件下通过惊吓的方式进行了快速启动过程的加速—滑行游泳行为观察,测定了草鱼的疾冲速度,即实验鱼突然加速达到的最大速度。结果发现,体长为(8.47±0.73)cm(稚鱼)、(17.93±1.27)cm(幼鱼)、(51.24±3.24)cm(亚成鱼)的绝对最大疾冲速度及达到最大疾冲速度所需时间分别为(1.449±0.424)m/s(0.294 s)、(2.359±0.434)m/s(0.294 s)、(2.899±0.457)m/s(0.378 s);相对最大疾冲速度分别为(17.099±5.009)BL/s、(13.156±2.418)BL/s、(5.659±0.891)BL/s;实验鱼达到最大疾冲速度后,均以身体保持直线的方式滑行减速。草鱼的绝对疾冲最大速度随体长的增加而增加;相对疾冲最大速度随体长的增加而减小,且稚鱼的相对疾冲最大速度显著高于亚成体。3种实验鱼的绝对游泳加速度间不存在显著性差异,亚成鱼绝对减速滑行加速度的值显著高于幼鱼和稚鱼,而亚成鱼的相对疾冲游泳加速度和相对减速滑行加速度的值显著小于稚鱼。     

Distribution of mycobacteria in clinically healthy ornamental fish and their aquarium environment

Some mycobacterial species (particularly Mycobacterium marinum) found in aquarium environments may cause chronic diseases in fish and cutaneous infections in humans, the so-called 'fish tank granuloma'. The presence and distribution of mycobacterial species in clinically healthy aquarium fish and their environment has not been adequately explored. The present study analysed the occurrence of mycobacteria in a decorative aquarium (Brno, South Moravia) and in five aquaria of a professional fish breeder (Bohumin, North Moravia). After Ziehl-Neelsen staining, acid-fast rods (AFR) were observed in six (14.3%) and mycobacteria were detected by culture in 18 (42.9%) of 42 tissue samples from 19 fish. Sixty-five samples of the aqueous environment from all six aquaria were examined; AFR were found in 16 (24.6%) and mycobacteria were detected by culture in 49 (75.4%) samples. Forty-one (70.7%) of 58 selected mycobacterial isolates were identified biochemically as follows: M. fortuitum, M. flavescens, M. chelonae, M. gordonae, M. terrae, M. triviale, M. diernhoferi, M. celatum, M. kansasii and M. intracellulare. The clinically important species for humans and fish, M. marinum, was not detected. Mycobacterium kansasii was isolated from one sample of the aquarium environment from North Moravia, which is a region of the Czech Republic with endemic incidence of M. kansasii in water. The incidence of other conditionally pathogenic mycobacterial species in healthy fish and in all investigated constituents of the aquarium environment including snails and crustaceans used for fish feeding, was quite high. Accordingly, mycobacterial species from aquarium environments may serve as a possible source of infection for both aquarium fish and immunodeficient fish handlers.     

Vertical and horizontal distribution of ascending Atlantic salmon in power plant tailrace channels

Three‐dimensional distribution of adult upstream‐migrating Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied in three power plant tailrace channels on the large, regulated River Kemijoki in northern Finland using novel pressure sensor radio telemetry. The salmon swam mostly at depths of 1–4 m below the surface, with the salmon‐specific averages ranging from 1.3 to 6.4 m. When approaching a power plant, no change in swimming depth was observed. The horizontal locations of salmon in the two regularly shaped tailrace channels peaked at 5–10 m distance from the shoreline and showed a positively skewed distribution with a tail towards the central part of the tailrace. A graphical presentation of salmon locations in the tailrace channel and data on swimming depth and distance from the shoreline may prove useful in determining the location and design of a fishway entrance and in dimensioning attraction flow.     

珠母贝幼虫运动、自然沉降及摄食行为

主要通过分析幼虫形态变化、幼虫运动、自然沉降及摄食行为等生物学信息,为珠母贝(Pinctada margaritifera)幼虫培育设施及饵料投喂策略提供优化思路。在显微镜下观察不同日龄幼虫形态变化、幼虫运动状态、测量幼虫运动速率,观察幼虫静置下自然沉降及幼虫对单胞藻摄食过程。结果显示,幼虫依靠面盘外周纤毛摆动维持运动并完成摄食,运动时幼虫开壳朝上,壳顶朝下,面盘伸出壳外牵引幼虫运动。俯视观幼虫绕一定半径的圆顺时针方向运动,垂直方向螺旋上升或下降。水平运动速率范围246.88~3641.94μm/s,运动速率v(μm/s)与壳长l(μm)之间存在的关系为v=-0.0841l2+37.2690l-2149.1031(R~2=0.9707),运动速率与环绕半径显著相关(P0.05)。随着幼虫生长,体重增加,面盘逐渐退化,面盘纤毛摆动难以维持幼虫悬浮,静置时幼虫沉降率增加,13 dph(days post hatching,孵化后天数)后沉降至底部的幼虫壳长显著(P0.05)大于悬浮幼虫。幼虫饵料投喂过多,导致饵料不消化或不完全消化就排出体外,以致摄食的饵料不能完全消化利用。     

两种典型渔法金枪鱼围网网具的性能差异

摘要：为了量化分析自由鱼群渔法和漂流物渔法的网具性能差异,本文根据2011-2014年金枪鱼围网海上调查数据,采用Bootstrap和GAM方法进行分析。结果显示：（1）漂流物渔法时,网具的最大沉降深度（195.20~219.36m）约为自由鱼群渔法时最大沉降深度 （205.83~219.04m）的94.8%;网具的平均沉降速度（0.152~0.176m/s）约为自由鱼群渔法时平均沉降速度（0.180~0.193m/s）的84.4%~91.2%。（2）捕捞自由鱼群时,影响沉降速度主要因子为10m水层流速（V10）,60m水层流速（V60）和跑纲长度（L1）。（3）捕捞漂流物随附群时,影响沉降速度主要因子为60m水层流速（V60）,括纲长度（L）和放网速度（V0）。（4）GAM模型结果显示,漂流物渔法时,预测的沉降速度（0.155~0.175m/s）达到海上实测沉降速度的99.4%;自由鱼群渔法时,预测的沉降速度（0.182~0.190m/s）达到海上实测沉降速度的98.4%。本研究结果可为海上作业时,判别海况条件和控制渔法操作提供一定参考。