异齿裂腹鱼游泳能力初探

为了摸清雅鲁藏布江特有种异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax oconnori)的游泳能力,以野生鱼种为实验对象,通过丹麦Loligo System公司的环形试验水槽测试了异齿裂腹鱼的临界游泳速度、突进游泳速度和持续游泳速度。结果显示,异齿裂腹鱼的临界游泳速度随体长的增大而增加,相对临界游泳速度随体长的增大而减小,其临界游泳速度与体长的关系为Y1=-39.369+13.23X-0.371X2+0.004X3(Y1是绝对临界游泳速度,X为体长)。突进游泳速度随体长的增加而近似呈线性递增趋势,而相对突进游泳速度随体长的增大而减小。在三个固定流速(60cm/s、80 cm/s、100 cm/s)下,初步确定60 cm/s为异齿裂腹鱼的持续游泳速度,80 cm/s、100 cm/s为耐久游泳速度。研究成果以期为青藏高原地区鱼类行为学的研究提供基础资料,为鱼道等过鱼设施的设计提供参考资料。     

与鱼道设计相关的鱼类游泳行为研究

在鱼类生境遭受破坏,渔业资源日益减少的今天,修建鱼道等过鱼设施已成为减缓水利工程建设所致不利影响的重要举措。纵观世界各国,早期的鱼道建设往往因为缺乏对鱼类的了解而最终成为摆设。我国的鱼道建设起步晚,其再度兴起需要更可靠的生物学信息。鱼类的游泳能力及行为关系着鱼道设计的各个方面,决定着设计的成败。文章针对鱼道设计,综述了国内外几十年来鱼类游泳行为的研究成果。鱼类的游泳速度可分为三类,即持续游泳速度,耐久游泳速度和突进游泳速度,其中与鱼道设计密切相关的是后两者。影响鱼类游泳速度的因素既有生物个体因素也有环境因素,主要包括摆尾频率、体长、疲劳时间、温度及耗氧量等。文章最后简述了鱼类行为学在鱼道设计中的应用。我国针对过鱼设施建设的鱼类行为学研究极少,总结国外的研究方法和经验成果可为我国的过鱼设施建设提供生物学基础,促进该领域的发展。     

梭子蟹粉代替鱼粉和大豆蛋白对仿刺参幼参生长的影响

在水温25.6～27.0℃、盐度31、光照2000lx条件下饲育仿刺参苗种,研究了鱼粉、大豆蛋白与梭子蟹粉3种蛋白源对仿刺参幼参生长的影响。在饲料中分别按海藻质量的1‰、2‰、3‰分别添加鱼粉、大豆蛋白与梭子蟹粉。在27个容积为56L的玻璃钢水槽中分别放入一片30cm×40cm的波纹板和200头(0.1g/头)幼参,适量充气进行培育。试验结果表明,鱼粉试验组中以1‰的添加量效果最好,20d内质量增加175.0%,平均每头幼参质量日增加(3.75±0.9)mg;大豆蛋白试验组中以1‰的添加量效果最好,20d内质量增加165.0%,平均每头幼参质量日增加(3.25±0.3)mg;梭子蟹粉试验组中以3‰的添加量效果最好,20d内质量增加203.5%,平均每头幼参日质量增加(5.17±0.7)mg。3种蛋白源的1‰添加量中,效果依次为:鱼粉>蟹粉>大豆蛋白>空白组,空白组与添加蛋白源组之间差异极显著(P<0.01);2‰添加量中,效果依次为:蟹粉>鱼粉>大豆蛋白>空白组,蟹粉与鱼粉和大豆蛋白之间差异显著(P<0.05),空白组与添加蛋白源组之间差异极显著(P<0.01);3‰添加量中,效果依次为:蟹粉>鱼粉>大豆蛋白>空白组,蟹粉与鱼粉和大豆蛋白之间差异极显著(P<0.01),空白组与添加蟹粉试验组之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。试验结果证明,用梭子蟹粉作蛋白源效果显著好于鱼粉和大豆蛋白。     

Active metabolism in larval and juvenile fish: ontogenetic changes,effect of water temperature and fasting

Oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and fish swimming speed were measured in fish induced to swim by optomotor reaction in a circular metabolism chamber. The relationship between the swimming speed and fish metabolism described by exponential equations allowed the extrapolation to the standard metabolism, i.e. at zero swimming speed. The partitioning of the catabolised protein in the energy supply was estimated based on AQ (volume of ammonia/ volume of oxygen) values. Weight specific standard metabolism, as expressed by the ammonia excretion rate, decreased by one order of magnitude in coregonids as the fish grew from 20 to 780 mg body weight. The slope of the relationship between oxygen uptake and swimming speed decreased in coregonid ontogenesis. In salmon, after 12 days of fasting 28% of energy used was derived from protein, whilst coregonid juveniles utilized mostly lipid. Active swimming in fasted juveniles of coregonid, as well as in salmon, led to the accelerated utilization of protein as a source of energy, based on AQ coefficients. In juveniles acclimated to a range of water temperatures from 14 to 26°C, the changes in standard or active metabolic rate (expressed as oxygen uptake or ammonia excretion) were described by Q₁₀ coefficients. They were generally higher for the ammonia excretion rate than for the oxygen uptake rate and for active metabolism than for standard metabolism. Utilization of protein as energy for swimming differed significantly between the species, being in general one order of magnitude higher in coregonids than in salmon. The use of protein for swimming activity tended to decrease during coregonid ontogenesis.     

应用于鱼道设计的新疆木扎提河斑重唇鱼的游泳能力测试

为了探究斑重唇鱼的游泳能力,给过鱼设施设计和鱼类游泳行为学研究提供基础参数,本研究以木扎提河野生斑重唇鱼(全长TL=12~16 cm)为研究对象,测定了其在(16.6±1.6) ℃水温下的感应流速、临界游泳速度、爆发游泳速度及持续与耐久游泳能力。结果显示,斑重唇鱼感应流速为(0.18±0.02)m/s,相对感应流速为(1.40±0.23) BL/s (BL为体长);临界游泳速度为(1.02±0.15) m/s,相对临界游泳速度为(8.58±1.65) BL/s;爆发游泳速度为(1.39±0.17) m/s,相对爆发游泳速度为(10.92±1.86) BL/s;最大持续游泳速度为0.87 m/s,最大耐久游泳速度为1.37 m/s,与平均爆发游泳速度相近。其持续游泳时间与流速呈负相关(${\rm lg}T = - 5.136{{X}} + 8.504$)。当以斑重唇鱼为主要过鱼对象时,建议为吸引鱼类进入鱼道,进口流速设计为1.02~1.39 m/s,休息池主流设计为0.20~1.02 m/s,鱼道竖缝处流速宜低于0.85 m/s。鱼道长度为1 000 m时,鱼道内平均水流速度应低于0.78 m/s。本研究结果可为新疆木扎提河流域鱼类游泳能力研究提供参考,对保护日益减少的鱼类资源具有重要意义。     

Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,fatty acid profile and enzymatic activity of juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

The main objective of this investigation was to study the lipid requirements of the early juvenile (C1) swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) based on growth performance, survival, moulting and fatty acid profile. Four test diets were formulated with graded lipid levels (3.63%, 6.70%, 10.72% and 13.91%). Each diet was fed to 4 replicates of crabs (30 crabs per replicate initial weight (8.4 ± 0.1 mg). In this study, crabs fed diets with 13.91% lipid had significantly (p < 0.05) higher survival than crabs fed with 3.63% lipid, but no significant (p > 0.05) improvement of survival was observed when dietary lipid increase from 6.70% to 13.91%. Crabs fed diets with 10.72% and 13.91% lipid had significant higher weight gain(WG) than crabs fed with 3.63% lipid. While crabs fed with diets containing 6.70%, 10.72% and 13.91% lipid showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference in weight gain(WG). Moreover, the lowest moulting number was observed in crabs fed diets with 3.63% lipid, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among other groups. The content of LC‐PUFA and DHA in the crabs fed diets with 3.63% lipid was significant (p < 0.05) lower compared to other groups. But there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in EPA and ARA content among all groups. The activity of lipase increased as dietary lipid level increased (from 6.70% to 10.72%). However, beyond 10.72%, a significant (p < 0.05) decreased in lipase activity was observed. The regression analysis of weight gain data indicated that crab fed diet containing 10.47% lipid level is considered as optimum lipid level for its maximum growth and moulting process.     

水流对杂交鲟幼鱼游泳行为的影响

在26℃水温下,使用特制的鱼类游泳行为测定装置研究了杂交鲟(Huso duricusGeorgi♂×Acipenser schrenc-kiBrandt♀)幼鱼在0 m/s、0.1 m/s、0.3 m/s、0.5 m/s 4种流速条件下的游泳行为。结果显示:杂交鲟幼鱼随着流速的增加趋流率增大,且在90min内趋流率达到100%所需的时间明显缩短。实过过程中0.3 m/s和0.5 m/s两组摆尾频率都高于0.1 m/s和静水组,但在各个时段内,摆尾频率与趋流率均没有显著的相关。杂交鲟幼鱼的游泳状态明显受到所处流速的影响:0.1 m/s流速下以逆流前进为主,约占时间比例56.3%;0.3 m/s流速下以逆流静止为主,约占时间比例58.1%;0.5 m/s流速下以逆流后退为主,约占时间比例80.7%。在逆流前进和逆流静止两种游泳状态下,杂交鲟幼鱼的游泳速度和摆尾频率呈线性相关。但在逆流后退和顺流而下两种状态下,两者之间却没有显著的相关,且此两种状态下其游泳速度和摆尾频率随流速增加的变化趋势也不一致。     

A new device for monitoring the activity of freely swimming flatfish, Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT:   The tail beat and activity behavior of four captive Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus , were monitored with acceleration data-loggers while the fish swam in an aquarium. Depth, swimming speeds and two-axis acceleration data were collected continuously for approximately 20 h per fish. Simultaneously, the swimming behaviors of the fish were filmed at different angles. Using the specific characteristic of the acceleration profiles, in tandem with other types of data (e.g. speed and depth), four behavioral patterns could be distinguished: (i) 'active' swimming; (ii) burying patterns; (iii) 'inactive' gliding; and (iv) lying on the bottom. Tail beat frequency ranged from 1.65 ± 0.47 to 2.04 ± 0.25 Hz (mean ± SD; n  = 4). Using the relationship between tail beat frequency and swimming speed, the 'preferred' swimming speed of the fish was estimated to be between 0.6 and 1.2 body lengths (BL)/s. Additionally, fish rarely swam faster than 1.2 BL/s. This study shows that the acceleration data-loggers represent a useful and reliable system for accurately recording the tail beat of free-ranging fish and estimating flatfish behavior.     

Skipjack velocity, dwell time and migration

Apparent velocities (distance travelled/time at liberty) of tagged Pacific skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, observed over the 1978 to 1982 Skipjack Survey and Assessment Program (SSAP) of the South Pacific Commission (SPC) were very low (less than 10 cm s^-1in 90% of observations) compared with the minimum swimming speed of skipjack tunas of 70–100 cm s^-1. Such low apparent velocities are not biologically meaningful and therefore the extrapolation of biological properties from mathematical models, such as diffusion and advection models, based on the tagging data is difficult, if not impossible. This paper explores alternative approaches to the 1978 to 1982 SSAP data set. Dwell time and migration analysis indicate a north to south seasonal migratory pattern with the skipjack home range located along an arc from the Solomon Islands, through Fiji and Samoa, to the Marquesas. Ancillary evidence supports a purposeful rather than advective migration pattern that oscillates between southern feeding areas and northern breeding areas. many hands. Most of the previous analyses have focused on the issue of interactions between fisheries for K. pelamis that are in different political jurisdictions (Kleiber et al., 1984) and estimates of the size of the standing crop of K. pelamis (Kleiber et al., 1983; Kearney et al., 1984). Models of interactions between fisheries for K. pelamis in different jurisdictions (Sibert, 1984; Hilborn, 1990) have pointed towards the use of diffusion and advection models in studying fish movements (Sibert and Fournier, 1994; Sibert et al., 1995).     

Behavioural transition during the estuarine migration of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt

Abstract –  Ultrasonic telemetry and hydrodynamic modelling were used to study the migratory behaviour of 54 wild Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) smolt captured in freshwater during their downstream migration and tracked in 2 years through a shallow estuary system. A high-density, fixed array of receivers provided detailed spatial and temporal resolution of behaviour in the second year of study. Smolt migration in the river occurred mostly at night and downstream migration was slower during the day. In the estuary, smolt moved seaward on ebbing tides and landward on flooding tides. The effect of current velocity was greater during the night than during the day. We documented for the first time that current velocity and diurnal period only accounted for approximately one-third of the variation in smolt ground speeds in the estuary, indicating that smolt movements were far less passive than previously reported. Smolt energetic status had no effect on smolt swimming behaviour or migratory performance. With an increase in salinity, smolt seaward movements during flooding tides were more frequent, and overall seaward ground velocity increased. The increase in salinity experienced by the smolt during their migration through the leading edge of saltwater intrusion thus induced a behavioural transition from a more passive, fluvial migration to a more active- and seaward-oriented migration.