Estimation of gut contents of freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis L.

This study examined the food organisms found in the gut of freshwater mussels, Lamellidens marginalis L. A total of 34 taxa of food organisms were recorded, out of which 30 taxa belonged to phytoplankton and four taxa to zooplankton. Both the groups comprised three families each: Cyanophyceae (blue‐green algae), Chlorophycea (green algae) and Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) constituted phytoplankton, whereas Euglenaceae, Chlamydodontidae and Brachionidae belonged to zooplankton. The total number of frequencies of phytoplankton (n=537) were almost nine times more than that of zooplankton (n=60). When blue‐green algae, green algae, diatoms and zooplankton (all the three families together) were tested for significant difference (P<0.05) following Duncan's multiple range test, the result showed only two groups. Blue‐green algae, green algae and zooplankton were not significantly different (P<0.05), forming group A, whereas diatoms were significantly different from others, forming group B. The present study showed that the maximum number of organisms that mussels feed upon belong to green algae, followed by diatoms, blue‐green algae and few taxa of zooplankton.     

Larval and juvenile Australian smelt Retropinna semoni somatic and otolith growth parameters – implications for growth interpretation of wild fish

Abstract –  Relationships between fish length, otolith size, age and weight were assessed for a population of wild Australian smelt ( Retropinna semoni ) larvae and juveniles captured over a 4-year period to aid further interpretation of growth and condition during the early life history of the species. Nonlinear smoothed generalized additive models best described the fish–otolith size relationship during the larval and juvenile period, indicating that the proportionality between fish length and otolith size varies in relation to size. It is proposed that back-calculated predictions of fish size at a previous age or otolith size, accounting for individual variation is possible by assuming a body proportional hypothesis. Growth rate of larval and juvenile Australian smelt was best described using the Gompertz model that indicated a steady decline in growth rate after around 30 days of age. The allometric growth of larval and juvenile Australian smelt established from the length/weight relationship can subsequently be used to assess the condition of fish within this population using a relative condition or relative weight condition index. The results of the study have provided significant information to enable more precise growth reconstruction and condition assessment for the species in Australian lowland rivers.     

多元判别在淡水鱼类生态对策判别中的应用

分析生态对策从典型的ｋ－选择类型到典型的ｒ－选择类型的６类共２８种淡水鱼类，用逐步判别法对这些鱼类的７项生态参数变量（渐近体长Ｌ∞，渐近体重ｍ∞，生长系数Ｋ，初次性成熟年龄ｔｍ，最大性成熟年龄ｔｍａｘ，瞬时自然死亡率Ｍ，种群繁殖力系数Ｆｐ）进行挑选。结果表明，在判别鱼类的生态对策类型时，除变量Ｆｐ外，其余６项变量作用显著。根据上述２８种鱼类的６项入选变量，用Ｂａｙｅｓ判别法建立生态对策判别函数估计式，并判定南方大口鲶（长江上游）、翘嘴红鱼白（长江下游）、鲥鱼（长江下游）的生态对策类型分别为“偏向ｋ－选择类型”、“偏向ｒ－选择类型”、“属于ｒ－选择类型”。     

Feeding patterns in five predatory fishes of the high Paranà River floodplain (PR, Brazil)

Abstract— Between March 1992 and February 1993 five piscivorous fish species, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874), Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), Rhaphiodon vulpinus Agassiz, 1829, Salminus maxillosus , Valenciennes, 1840 and Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840), of the high Paranà River floodplain showed a wide total prey spectrum though only three to four taxa were dominant in their diet. Shrimp, Macrobrachium amazonicum , were also common to the majority of species. Seasonal and spatial variations occurred throughout the study period probably due the availability of prey species. The main resources shared by the predators were also the most abundant in the area, with consumption markedly focused on prey about 5.0 cm long. Detrended correspondence analysis was effective in discriminating two groups of predators species that exploited distinct microhabitats. The predators with the least scores consumed small characids that inhabit mid-water or the littoral region, whereas those with the largest scores consumed prey associated to the bottom.     

Trophic structure of fish assemblages from Mamoré River floodplain lakes (Bolivia)

Abstract –  The fish assemblage of the floodplain of the Mamoré River (Bolivia) was estimated in eight lakes, corresponding to four habitat types, situated on an environmental gradient related to the river distance: lakes situated near the river, in the forested floodplain, at the floodplain edge and lakes isolated in the savanna. This paper documents the diet of 71 fish species (among the 140 recorded) and compares the taxonomic and trophic structure of fish assemblages between four lake types. The diet analysis was conducted to determine five trophic guilds: algivores/iliophages, herbivores, zooplanktivores, invertivores and piscivores. The taxonomic and trophic structures of the fish assemblages were not similar in the different lake types of the Mamoré River. The trophic structure of assemblages showed a coarse pattern of dominance of algivores/iliophages and invertivores, but different situations were observed in relative abundance of the trophic groups in relation to the spatial position of the lakes (except for piscivores). Lakes close to the river appeared more favourable to the microphages (algivores/iliophages, zooplanktivores) although remote lakes appeared more favourable to the macrophages (invertivores, herbivores). These results support the general idea that fish distribution follows a pattern linked to the ecology of the species, and related to environmental characteristics of the lakes.     

论森林、淡水与湿地——以福建省为例

针对森林生态系统的作用、功能,结合福建省的山地森林,与流域淡水及湿地中的水源水质的密切关系,提出:要保护好森林资源,以及流域内的淡水和湿地;要从系统整体性出发,防范森林退化、破坏,以及流域内的淡水与湿地的破坏与污染问题。     

出眠初期甲鱼肺泡、胃、肝细胞结构的电镜观察

通过扫描和透射电镜观察，描述了出眠初期甲鱼的肺、胃、肝细胞的超微结构特征。肺呈泡囊状结构，由肺泡隔将肺内部隔开成海绵状结构，肺泡内表面覆盖一层呼吸上皮，由单层上皮细胞和毛细血管网构成。上皮细胞有两种类型：Ⅰ型上皮细胞胞质向四周延伸成极度扁平状；Ⅱ型上皮细胞近核细胞质里分布有一定数目的多层体，多层体体积较大，由Ⅰ型上皮细胞延伸的胞质薄层、融合的基底膜和毛细血管内皮细胞胞质薄层共同构成血－气屏障。胃粘膜表面有许多胃小凹，粘膜上皮细胞内有许多电子密度深的分泌颗粒，粘膜腔面被一层粘液所覆盖。肝细胞有两种不同类型，即Ｌ细胞和Ｄ细胞，Ｌ细胞胞核呈圆形，细胞质多，近核周围有一些线粒体；Ｄ细胞的核形状不规则，细胞核紧抱一巨大的脂滴，细胞质较少，细胞器不发达。     

Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋对罗氏沼虾幼虾的毒性作用

研究了铜、锌、镉三种金属对罗氏沼虾幼虾的毒性作用和积累作用.得到了Cu2+、Cd2+对罗氏沼虾幼虾(L=0.88±0.12cm,W=8.7mg)的24h、48h、72h、96h LC50及安全浓度,两者对罗氏沼虾的毒性Cd2+＞Cu2+.当0.01mg/L≤Cu2+≤0.10mg/L、0.002mg/L≤Cd2+≤0.008mg/L、0.05mg/L Zn2+≤0.85mg/L时,幼虾处在各重金属的各浓度试液中经过20d(Cu2+、Cd2+)和14d(Zn2+)的饲养,均遭受了程度不等的毒性作用,幼虾体长、体重增长率与成活率均不同程度的降低,试验虾体内的Cu2+绝对积累量随着重金属浓度的升高而增加,Zn2+≤0.45mg/L时,幼虾对其绝对积累量随着重金属浓度的升高而增加.受试幼虾对三种重金属积累倍数随着浓度的上升而下降.     

上海孙桥河道淡水青虾人工放流与群体数量的估算

本文主要研究了上海市川沙县孙桥河道的水环境条件，青虾育苗与放流后群体分布、产量及群体数量估算的结果。本河道水温适宜，多数河段水质良好，适宜青虾生长；通过青虾产量统计和群体数量估算，证明人工放流青虾的效果较好，放流后3年产量（3268．95kg）是放流前3年产量（1451．23kg）的2．25倍。