Selection of taxa as indicators of river and freshwater wetland quality in the UK

• 1. To assess the efficacy of environmental management policies and practices, there is a progressive transition from monitoring of activities towards assessment of their outcomes for the environment.
• 2. Population trends of key taxonomic groups can serve as useful indicators of broader environmental integrity and health. Several necessary and desirable criteria for selecting meaningful and suitable indicators are discussed. The attributes of a range of taxa and survey methods used for their assessment are discussed with reference to these criteria.
• 3. Survey methods, data holdings and analytical methods for populations of wild birds at present provide a good basis for developing indicators of the quality of fresh waters at a landscape scale. Other taxa are not necessarily any less appropriate; however, survey design and data representativeness are often limiting factors to the use of other taxa for assessing geographic and temporal trends.
• 4. Taxonomic science and ecological monitoring are necessary for determining society' progress with sustainable development and for informing appropriate enhancements to policy and management practice, particularly so for fresh waters.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Allometric and ontogenetic patterns related to feeding of a neotropical fish, Satanoperca pappaterra (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Abstract –  This study aims to analyse whether Satanoperca pappaterra changes its feeding habit throughout ontogenetic development, and whether morphological ontogenetic patterns are related to its feeding habit and food capture. We collected 258 individuals in the Cuiabá river basin (Brazil) for analyses. There was a weak relationship between diet and body size, as evidenced by size class and multivariate analyses, and niche breadth did not vary strongly during ontogenetic development. Eight morphometric variables were measured in each individual. We found an isometric relationship for mouth height and width, and for head length. We found positive allometry for snout length and body height in relation to body length, whereas this relationship for intestine length and eye diameter showed negative allometry. These results suggest that morphology and consequently diet vary weakly during ontogenetic development of S. pappaterra .     

C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds

The present research investigated the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) control in ponds with or without substrate addition for periphyton development on production of giant freshwater prawn. C/N ratios of 10, 15 and 20 were investigated in 40 m^− 2 ponds stocked with 2 prawn juveniles (5.023 ± 0.02 g) m^− 2 with or without added substrates for periphyton development. The various treatment combinations of C/N ratio and periphyton substrate addition are abbreviated as ‘CN10’, ‘CN15’, ‘CN20’, ‘CN10 + P’, ‘CN15 + P’ and ‘CN20 + P’, P representing periphyton substrate. A locally formulated and prepared feed containing 30% crude protein with C/N ratio10 was applied. Tapioca starch was used as carbohydrate source for manipulating C/N ratio and applied to the water column separately from the feed. Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 reduced (P < 0.001) the total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite–nitrogen (NO₂–N) and nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in water column and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in sediment. The addition of substrates only influenced the NO₂–N concentration in the water column (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio raised the total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) population in the water column, sediment and periphyton (P < 0.001). It also increased the dry matter (DM), ash free dry matter (AFDM), and chlorophyll a content of periphyton (P < 0.001). The lowest specific growth rate (SGR), the highest food conversion ratio (FCR), and the lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in treatment CN10 (P < 0.05). The addition of substrates did not influence size at harvest (P > 0.05) but improved the survival from 62.8 to 72% (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 increased the net yield by 40% and addition of substrate increased the net yield by 23%. The combination of C/N ratio control and substrate addition increased the net yield by 75% from 309 (CN10) to 540 (CN20 + P) kg ha^− 1 (120 days)^− 1. This 75% higher production concurred with (1) a lower inorganic nitrogen content in the water column, (2) a higher THB abundance supplying additional single cell protein to augment the prawn production, and (3) an improved periphyton productivity and quality.     

我国五大湖日本沼虾线粒体COI基因部分片段序列比较

对我国五大湖日本沼虾100个野生个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）部分序列进行了测定和分析,经比对获得578bp核苷酸片段,发现49个变异位点,得到35个单倍型,包括7个共享单倍型,各群体都具有较好的单倍型多态性和核苷酸多态性,其中鄱阳湖群体遗传多样性相对最高。AMOVA分析表明,五群体间总遗传分化系数F_st＝0.31873 （P<0.05）, 群体间具有较高的遗传分化。MEGA3.1软件计算五群体的Kimura 2-paramter遗传距离,洞庭湖群体和巢湖群体之间的遗传距离最远为0.0191,巢湖群体和洪泽湖群体之间的遗传距离最近为0.0051。以同属胖掌沼虾（Macrobrachium inflatum）为外群分别构建了NJ和UPGMA系统树,结果显示洞庭湖和鄱阳湖为一族群,太湖、巢湖和洪泽湖为一族群。     

Application of the rpoS gene for the detection of Vibrio anguillarum in flounder and prawn by polymerase chain reaction

Vibrio anguillarum , an opportunistic fish pathogen, is the main species responsible for vibriosis, a disease that affects feral and farmed fish and shellfish, and causes considerable economic losses in marine aquaculture. In this study, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect V. anguillarum . PCR specificity was evaluated by amplifying the rpoS gene, a general stress regulator, in six strains of V. anguillarum and 36 other bacterial species. PCR amplified a species-specific fragment (689 bp) from V. anguillarum . Furthermore, the PCR assay was sensitive enough to detect rpoS expression from 3 pg of genomic DNA , or from six colony-forming units (CFU) mL⁻¹ of cultured V. anguillarum . However, the assay was less sensitive when genomic DNA from the infected flounder and prawn was used (limit of detection, 50 ng and 10 ng g⁻¹ tissue, respectively). These data demonstrate that PCR amplification of the rpoS gene is a sensitive and species-specific method to detect V. anguillarum in practical situations.     

单品种淡水活鱼数量的被动声学估计

针对单品种淡水活鱼数量估计问题,以鲫鱼和鳊鱼为研究对象,采用不同数量淡水鱼的被动水声信号作为样本,通过4~6层小波包分解算法,对比分析了样本的若干特征提取方案,明确了鲫鱼水声信号特征的提取方案为短时平均过零率+6层小波包分解频段能量,而鳊鱼只需提取6层小波包分解频段能量作为其信号特征。根据不同样本集划分方法比较结果,确定了鲫鱼样本集划分方法为Rank-SPXY(m=10),鳊鱼为Rank-SPXY(m=5)。利用竞争自适应重加权采样,筛选出样本的关键特征,并使用多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归建立了若干淡水活鱼的数量估计模型,结果表明:多元线性回归模型的性能较好,鲫鱼和鳊鱼数量估计模型的复相关系数分别为0.835和0.893,相对分析误差分别为1.79和2.01。     

中国养殖水产品供给特征分析

通过对1985年至2004年的水产养殖产量分品种、分产区进行分类统计分析,发现我国养殖水产品供给呈现以下特点:(1)水产养殖产量快速增长;(2)海水养殖占水产养殖产量的比例逐渐上升;(3)养殖品种趋同性问题仍未根本改善;(4)特种水产品产量提高较快;(5)沿海地区、长江和珠江流域等传统养殖区仍是我国主要水产养殖区。文章最后对我国水产养殖存在的问题以及发展对策展开了讨论。     

日本对虾的酚氧化酶特性研究

本文以日本对虾为材料提取和部分纯化酚氧化酶，并对其特性进行了研究，以邻苯二酚为作用底物，该酶的最适ｐＨ为６．５，在ｐＨ５．０－８范围内较高稳定性，最稳定的ｐＨ为７．０，最适温度为４０℃，在４０℃以下表现出较高的热稳定性，而在５０℃以上迅速失活。该酶对不同的酚类物质表现出不同的底物专一性，由高至低的趋势依次为三元酚、二无酚和单元酚。米氏常数Ｋｍ值测定表明，该酶对邻苯二酚比ＤＬ－多巴有更高的亲和力。浓     

咪鲜安及其主要代谢物对常见水生动物的急性毒性研究

为全面正确评价味鲜安的生态环境效应和毒性，采用静态试验法，研究了味鲜安及其制剂和咪鲜安的主要代谢物对泥鳅、湘云鲫和蝌蚪的急性毒性作用．结果表明：咪鲜安制剂的毒性作用稍大于咪鲜安的；咪鲜安及其制剂对湘云鲫、泥鳅和蝌蚪的急性毒性从大到小的顺序为：蝌蚪、泥鳅、湘云鲫；咪鲜安(BTS 40542)及其主要代谢物(包括BTS 44595，BTS 44596和BTS 45186)对蝌蚪的毒性作用大于泥鳅的，其毒性从大到小依次为：BTS 45186，BTS 40542，BTS 44595，BTS 44596；在评价咪鲜安的生态环境效应时，不仅要注意咪鲜安母体及其使用制剂的残留与毒性，还要特别重视咪鲜安主要代谢物的残留与毒性．     

鱼血清转铁蛋白对嗜水气单胞菌的抗性研究

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)在铁限制培养基(M70-Fe)中培养,并用铬天青S(CAS)方法分析,不能产生可检测的含铁细胞;培养两周后,该菌在蓝色的琼脂培养基上产生围绕细菌菌落的清晰的橘黄色晕轮。但在鲫鱼血清中培养36h后,便达到了对数生长期。表明嗜水气单胞菌依靠夺取血清中的铁,可以正常生长;而在铁限制培养时,则难以存活。以细菌胞外蛋白酶消化鱼类血清,并在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)后进行原位铁结合试验,结果表明：嗜水气单胞菌胞外蛋白酶只能通过降解血清中转铁蛋白以外的含铁蛋白来补偿含铁细胞中的铁,而含铁转铁蛋白和脱铁转铁蛋白均不能被胞外蛋白酶消化,仍有很强的铁结合能力。