多糖和益生菌对暗纹东方纯免疫功能的调节

2003年春以来，山东、辽宁等地区养殖的仿刺参出现急性口围肿胀症，其症状是口围肿胀，体表溃烂，排脏，管足附着力下降，脱落沉至池底，死亡率较高。从病参口围、体表及体壁分离出优势菌10株，经人工感染试验证实其中菌株KW21、KW22、KW23、NB13和NB14是引起仿刺参出现急性口围肿胀症的病原菌。通过16S rRNA基因序列同源性及系统发育分析表明，菌株KW21为Mahnomonas dokdonens／s；菌株KW22和菌株NB13具有相近的亲缘关系，两者均与Vibrio splendidus有较高的相似性（99％，98％）；菌株KW23为Vibrio tapetis；菌株NB14为Vibrio sp．。5株病原菌均为革兰氏阴性菌，电镜下观察菌株KW21棒杆状；菌株KW22、KW23、NB13和NB14分别为杆状、弧状、卵圆形和卵圆形，且都具有单极生鞭毛。药物敏感性试验结果表明，诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星和红霉素对5株菌均有较强的抑菌作用。Vibrio tapetis，Vibrio splendidus和Marinomonas dokdonensi作为仿刺参的病原菌属首次报道。     

青岛陆源排污口邻近海域异养细菌的组成与分布

对青岛近海度假区、港口区、养殖区、工业区4类排污口邻近海域异养细菌的组成与分布进行了调查研究,采用海洋异养细菌平板涂布培养法分离细菌,基于16S rDNA的扩增性DNA限制性酶切片段分析(ARDRA)进行聚类筛选并测序鉴定。结果显示,青岛排污口邻近海域可异养培养的菌株分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4个细菌类群,变形菌门细菌数量占总测序数量的68%,其中γ-变形菌纲的数量在变形菌门中占88%;不同海域中细菌组成与分布有所不同,放线菌门和拟杆菌门的细菌种类较少且各海域分布有所不同,但γ-变形菌纲的弧菌属细菌(Vibrio sp.)在4类海域中均被发现,占总检测量的18.54%,其中溶藻胶弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)占弧菌总量的25%。不同海域也检测到V.parahaemolyticus、V.harveyi、V.campbellii、V.parahaemolyticus等水产养殖业的潜在致病菌。根据16S rDNA系统进化关系和细菌门类聚类分析得到的结论推断,工业区与养殖区海域的细菌组成和分布相似度较高,推断各海域的细菌组成与排污口类型有一定相关性。     

Effects of different dietary copper sources on the growth and intestinal microbial communities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary copper sources on growth performance and intestinal microbial communities of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous (420 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (70 g/kg crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated to contain different copper sources, Diet NSC (no‐supplemented copper), Diet CS (copper sulphate), Diet Availa (copper amino acid complex from Availa^®Cu100) and Diet M (1:1, copper sulphate + copper amino acid complex). A total of 360 Pacific white shrimp juveniles (initial weight: 1.86 ± 0.03 g) were randomly allocated into four groups, with three replicates per group and 30 shrimps each replicate. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to analyse the intestinal bacterial composition of shrimp juveniles. The results revealed that shrimps fed Diet M had significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG) than that fed Diet NSC and Diet CS, while there were no significant differences between Diet M and Diet Availa. Survival was not affected by the dietary copper sources. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant in the intestines of Pacific white shrimp. Shrimps fed Diet M and Diet Availa had higher bacterial richness and diversity than those fed Diet NSC and Diet CS with no significant differences among all treatments. Furthermore, Diet M and Diet Availa which contained copper amino acid complex reduced the relative abundance of Vibrionaceae in shrimp intestinal tract. This study indicated that dietary copper sources could affect the intestinal microbial communities and diets supplemented with Availa^®Cu100 could have a positive impact on the growth performance and decrease the potential risk of disease in Pacific white shrimp.     

头孢氨苄对斑节对虾幼体发育及育苗水体细菌数量的影响

研究了不同浓度头孢氨苄(Cefalexin)对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon幼体发育以及对斑节对虾育苗水体中异养菌总数和弧菌数量的影响。在试验初期,无论是对照组还是施用头孢氨苄的各试验组,育苗水体中的总异养菌数量和弧菌数量都呈现出较为明显的上升趋势;在第二次施用头孢氨苄后,各试验组的异养菌总数和弧菌数量的增幅明显低于对照组(或出现异养菌总数和弧菌数量缓慢下降),而对照组异养菌总数和弧菌数量则呈现显著的上升。施用0.5～1.0μL·L-1头孢氨苄对育苗水体中的总异养菌有显著的杀灭及抑制作用,但对弧菌数量杀灭及抑制作用并不显著;施用1.5μL·L-1头孢氨苄对育苗水体中的总异养菌和弧菌数量的杀灭及抑制作用显著。当幼体变态发育至仔虾第8天(P8)时,对照组异养菌总数和弧菌数量分别达6.33×105和3.55×104CFU·mL-1,均远远高于试验组的异养菌总数和弧菌数量增长的幅度。试验组的幼体变态到P1期的时间,比对照组缩短了10h以上;试验组的成苗率也比对照组提高了3.2%～13.1%。     

光合细菌FP04的筛选及对中华鳖养殖水质和生产效益的影响

从入海排污口污泥中筛选到一株有较强净化养殖水质能力的光合细菌,初步鉴定其为红螺菌,命名为FP04。实验室试验表明,FP04能有效降低养殖污水的CODcr含量。在中华鳖的养殖水体中加入不同浓度的FP04,结果与对照组比较,FP04可显著降低养殖水体中的氨氮和化学需氧量,并可减少甲鱼病害发生,提高甲鱼养殖成活率和增重率,其中以养殖水体中FP04浓度为9×104CFU/mL的效果最好,成活率和增重率分别提高14%和31%。     

尼罗罗非鱼鼠李糖凝集素 (RBL-1)在非特异性细胞防御病原菌感染中的功能

为了探究鼠李糖凝集素（Rhamnose-binding lectin, RBL）在硬骨鱼非特异性细胞防御病原菌感染中的作用,本研究以尼罗罗非鱼为研究模型,首先通过分离头肾单核/巨噬细胞进行体外菌应激实验,发现在罗非鱼两种重要的致病菌-无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）和嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）应激后,尼罗罗非鱼L-鼠李糖凝集素1（OnRBL-1）的表达量显著上调。然后,通过荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测发现OnRBL-1重组蛋白能够调节病原菌诱导细胞炎症因子的表达,包括显著抑制菌诱导的IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的表达,和促进IL-10和TGF-β的表达。此外,通过流式细胞术检测证实OnRBL-1具有促进单核/巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,同时增强呼吸爆发水平和上调活性氧的释放。以上研究结果表明,OnRBL-1在罗非鱼单核/巨噬细胞非特异性细胞防御中发挥重要的调节作用。本研究为探讨RBL-1在硬骨鱼宿主防御病原菌感染中的功能提供了参考,并有助于完善和丰富硬骨鱼类RBL的功能和在抗菌免疫应答中的基础理论体系,具有重要的科学意义。     

中国对虾养成期间虾池水体和底质中细菌含量的变化

中国对虾养成期间虾池水体和底质中细菌含量的变化高尚德，陈旭仁，吴以平（青岛海洋大学，２６６００３）（青岛教育学院，２６６００１）关键词养虾池，细菌数量，变化ＶＡＲＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＯＴＡＬＢＡＣＴＥＲＩＡＮＵＭＢＥＲＩＮＳＨＲＩＭＰＰＯＮＤＷＡＴＥＲ...     

C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds

The present research investigated the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) control in ponds with or without substrate addition for periphyton development on production of giant freshwater prawn. C/N ratios of 10, 15 and 20 were investigated in 40 m^− 2 ponds stocked with 2 prawn juveniles (5.023 ± 0.02 g) m^− 2 with or without added substrates for periphyton development. The various treatment combinations of C/N ratio and periphyton substrate addition are abbreviated as ‘CN10’, ‘CN15’, ‘CN20’, ‘CN10 + P’, ‘CN15 + P’ and ‘CN20 + P’, P representing periphyton substrate. A locally formulated and prepared feed containing 30% crude protein with C/N ratio10 was applied. Tapioca starch was used as carbohydrate source for manipulating C/N ratio and applied to the water column separately from the feed. Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 reduced (P < 0.001) the total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite–nitrogen (NO₂–N) and nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in water column and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in sediment. The addition of substrates only influenced the NO₂–N concentration in the water column (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio raised the total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) population in the water column, sediment and periphyton (P < 0.001). It also increased the dry matter (DM), ash free dry matter (AFDM), and chlorophyll a content of periphyton (P < 0.001). The lowest specific growth rate (SGR), the highest food conversion ratio (FCR), and the lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in treatment CN10 (P < 0.05). The addition of substrates did not influence size at harvest (P > 0.05) but improved the survival from 62.8 to 72% (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 increased the net yield by 40% and addition of substrate increased the net yield by 23%. The combination of C/N ratio control and substrate addition increased the net yield by 75% from 309 (CN10) to 540 (CN20 + P) kg ha^− 1 (120 days)^− 1. This 75% higher production concurred with (1) a lower inorganic nitrogen content in the water column, (2) a higher THB abundance supplying additional single cell protein to augment the prawn production, and (3) an improved periphyton productivity and quality.     

Naturally occurring bacteraemia in American lobsters, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards, in Long Island Sound

The health status of the American lobster, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards, in Long Island Sound (LIS) has been in decline, with seasonal mortality events occurring since 1998. In order to assess the potential effects of environmental conditions on lobster health via haemolymph analysis, lobsters collected from various sites in LIS were examined and sampled while concurrent environmental data (water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) were recorded. The pH of the haemolymph of each lobster was tested, followed by a collection of haemolymph for serum biochemistry analysis and bacterial culture. This report focuses on the results of the bacterial sampling. The majority of bacteria cultured were opportunistic pathogens commonly found in the environment, including some that are associated with sewage and pollution. The prevalence of bacteraemia was correlated with the site of collection, the month in which the lobsters were sampled, and water temperature.