贵州红枫湖水库富营养化和蓝藻水华分析

[目的]分析红枫湖水库的富营养化和蓝藻水华问题。[方法]通过室内外调查研究,并结合相关文献资料,对红枫湖水质、水生生态系统、底泥污染特征以及蓝藻水华发生规律进行全面分析。[结果]红枫湖全湖处于中富营养到重富营养状态,水质为Ⅴ～劣Ⅴ类;湖泊底质蓄积了大量的营养盐,是水库富营养化的重大污染源;水生生态系统退化,易形成蓝藻水华。[结论]红枫湖的污染治理迫在眉睫。     

福建沿海地区可食性海洋贝、藻类体中HCH、DDT的分布特征

本文以缢蛏、牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、坛紫菜和海带等5种可食性海洋贝类和藻类为对象,研究了采自于2007年元月福建沿海宁德、福州、莆田、泉州、厦门、漳州等地区样品中HCH、DDT的环境分布特征。不同品种的海洋贝类和藻类中HCH和DDT的含量水平较低;个别地区仍存在HCH和DDT新污染源;不同地区和品种之间HCH和DDT含量的差异不大,呈现典型的非点源污染特征。     

水体营养水平及附着藻类对苦草生长的影响

为研究不同水体营养水平及附着藻类对沉水植物生长的影响,选择苦草(Vallisneria natans)作为研究对象,在4种水体营养水平下进行42 d的室内试验。结果表明:试验结束时,中营养及富营养处理组苦草的相对生长率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和附着藻类生物量与贫营养及重富营养处理组具有显著性差异(P<0.05);贫营养处理组苦草的可溶性糖含量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);苦草氮磷含量及可溶性蛋白含量与水体营养水平呈明显正相关,且贫营养及中营养处理组与富营养及重富营养处理组之间差异显著(P<0.05);各处理组水体叶绿素a含量差异不明显。表明在中营养(TN=0.8 mg/L,TP=0.08 mg/L)条件下,苦草的生长情况最佳。     

光强对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响

模拟萱藻育苗条件,以萱藻丝状体为材料,沙滤天然海水作为培养液,研究了光照强度[7.2~126.0μmol/(m2·s)]对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响。结果显示:(1)本实验条件下,萱藻孢子萌发的适宜光强范围为27.0~72.0μmol/(m2·s)。其中,在45.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下,萱藻孢子萌发率较高,并在放散后的第16天萌发率达到(44.44%±11.00%);(2)在本实验条件下,萱藻幼苗早期生长的适宜光强范围为36.0~54.0μmol/(m2·s),其中45.0μmol/(m2·s)最适宜萱藻幼苗的生长,且附生藻类密度最低,孢子放散后第34天附生藻类密度为(38.4±0.6)×104个/cm2;(3)本研究共鉴定出附生藻类2门13属29种,主要优势种为碎片菱形藻、小伪菱形藻、艳绿颤藻、膨胀色球藻、耳形藻和新月菱形藻。其中碎片菱形藻在7.2~18.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长,而耳形藻与新月菱形藻在27.0~126.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长。研究表明,萱藻孢子萌发和幼苗早期发育的最佳光强为45.0μmol/(m2·s),且在萱藻育苗过程中应重点防治的附生藻类为耳形藻与新月菱形藻。     

海南霸王岭国家自然保护区拟石斛的附生特性

拟石斛(Oxystophyllum changjiangense)为海南岛特有的珍稀濒危附生兰科植物。为阐明其附生特性,笔者以分布于海南省霸王岭国家自然保护区的拟石斛为例,在系统调查其资源现状、生境特征及宿主种类的基础上,对其附生宿主的专一性、在宿主上的分布特点及附生个体数量与宿主胸径、树皮特性的相关性等进行分析。结果表明,86.6%的拟石斛个体分布在海拔800~1 000 m且主要附生在山地雨林中水源附近的高大乔木上;附生宿主18种,多见于木兰科、壳斗科、漆树科及梧桐科的植物;附生指数在0.32~0.94之间,其中白花含笑、长柄梭罗和红锥的附生指数接近于1;拟石斛全都分布在宿主的一级分支或二级分支处,二者差异性不显著;附生数量与宿主胸径呈显著性正相关(R=0.397,P0.05),拟石斛对树皮特性选择具有偏好性。     

红树共附生微生物分离与抗白色念珠菌活性评价

对湛江市廉江高桥、东简北港2个红树林区红树的根、叶、花、果不同部位27份样品进行共附生微生物的分离及抗白色念珠菌活性的评价。采用改良M1培养基、改良马丁培养基和改良高氏一号培养基进行细菌、真菌和放线菌的分离,用美蓝酶标仪法对所筛菌株进行抗白色念珠菌活性评价。利用SPSS13.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析和多重比较。从27份样品中共分离出384株红树林共附生微生物,其中细菌170株,真菌160株,放线菌54株,细菌和真菌为优势菌群,两者占分离总菌株数的86.0%;从384株分离菌中检测出64株具有抗白色念珠菌活性,占分离菌的16.7%;统计分析显示,除2个地区的抗白色念珠菌活性数无显著差异外,2个地区的红树共附生微生物的组成、不同类型共附生微生物的数量、不同类型共附生微生物的抗白色念珠菌活性、红树不同部位的共附生微生物数量与活性菌株数量均存在一定的差异。     

Behavioural responses to visual environment in early stage Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. larvae

Marine fish larvae exhibit species‐specific sensitivity to light, which changes during ontogeny. Our aim was to explore how visual environment, characterized by light intensity, microalgae addition and wall colour, affects spatial distribution of Atlantic cod larvae. We applied two different small‐scale factorial designs, each of them as a series of independent short‐term trials at fixed larval ages from 5 to 35 days post hatch (DPH). Positive phototaxis increased in larvae from 5 to ≈24 DPH, followed by reduced response at later ages. Effects from the experimental factors on larval behaviour changed with age, and significant interactions between factors were present. Algae significantly affected larvae only at 5 DPH, increasing phototactic response. White wall colour induced distribution of larvae close to the tank walls at all ages. The experimental approach demonstrated clear effects from visual environment on larval distribution, and revealed both relative importance of individual factors, interactive effects and temporal changes due to larval ontogeny. Our results suggest that by fine‐tuning the visual environment in tanks, the larval distribution may be managed to improve overall rearing conditions through a more even distribution with reduced closeness to tank walls.     

Schizochytrium as a replacement for fish oil in a fishmeal free diet for jade perch,Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite)

A 10‐week trial was conducted to determine the response of juvenile jade perch Scortum barcoo on the replacement of dietary fish oil (FO) in a fishmeal free diet. Three iso‐nitrogenous, isocaloric and isolipidic diets were formulated, each containing a different primary fat source: FO, linseed oil (LO), and a mixture of Schizochytrium and LO. The substitution of FO with the mixture of Schizochytrium and LO did not cause a difference in growth. However, there was an 8% reduction in weight gain in fish fed dietary LO, indicating that juvenile jade perch do require a minimal concentration of dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Fish fed the Schizochytrium diet stored more efficient n‐3 HUFA and in particular DHA in their flesh, and retained a higher fillet recovery compared to fish fed FO. In addition, we demonstrated that jade perch are able to produce both n‐3 HUFA and n‐6 HUFA when dietary PUFA are present. Fish fed the LO diet for 10 weeks contained the lowest amount of n‐3 HUFA in fillets among dietary treatment groups. However, feeding these fish the Schizochytrium diet for an additional 4 weeks increased the n‐3 HUFA content towards the same concentration of n‐3 HUFA found in the flesh of fish fed FO, without affecting the sensory properties of the fillets. In contrary, feeding the Schizochytrium diet for a continuous period of 14 weeks lowered overall sensory property scores.     

Effects of dietary microalgae on fatty acids and digestive enzymes in copepod Cyclopina kasignete,a potential live food for fish larvae

The copepod Cyclopina kasignete is a potential live food in aquaculture and its fatty acid components and digestive enzymes were investigated. Three dry algal products (mixed algae, Melosira sp. and Nannochloropsis oculata) and two fresh microalgae (Tisochrysis lutea and N. oculata) were fed to the copepod for 30 days. The essential fatty acids (EFA) in copepods were altered by feeding different types of dry algae. The copepod fed dry Melosira sp. or fresh T. lutea contained higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), protease and trypsin than fed on other algae. The copepod contained a similar fatty acid profile and digestive enzymes by feeding either dry or fresh N. oculata. Between fresh algal species, the copepod fed T. lutea contained higher EPA, DHA and ARA than that fed fresh N. oculata. The amounts of EPA and DHA in copepods were more concentrated than those in the dietary algae, suggesting that the copepod has the ability to accumulate some EFA. This study indicates that dietary algae can modify the nutritional composition and in digestive enzymes copepods, which in turn may be able to transfer suitable nutrients and digestive enzymes to fish larvae in aquaculture.     

添加沼液的BG11营养液微藻培养试验

利用沼液培育能源微藻,有利于废水处置的同时还能够有效降低微藻生产成本。该文研究了S496、1067、1069、C31、Y7、Y3及W 7株微藻在混有体积分数10%沼液的培养液中的比生长速率、培养液pH值和营养物的变化规律。结果表明,除Y7外,其它6株微藻均能迅速适应沼液营养液,迅速进入对数期生长。在未调节培养液pH值条件下,沼液培养液的pH值在培养的前2～4 d均有所下降,从9.20～9.32下降至8.73～9.09,之后才开始恢复并上升。在pH值下降时,藻的比生长速率有不断增大的趋势。培养12 d后,上述7株微藻在培养液中干质量累积量在0.310～0.607 g/L之间;培养过程中,NH4-N、Mg2+、SO42-、Mn、F-、Fe的浓度都大幅下降,NH4-N、Mn、Fe几乎被完全消耗;Mg2+降幅为11.47%～87.73%;SO42-为37.30%～62.70%;F-为18.18%～54.55%。该文为利用沼液培养能源微藻提供依据。