Growth characteristic and sink strength of fruit at different CO2 concentrations in a Japanese and a Dutch tomato cultivar

The aim of the present study was to elucidate how fruit growth was limited by the source and sink capacities in a Japanese (‘Momotaro York’) and a Dutch (‘Dundee’) tomato cultivar. The two cultivars were grown hydroponically with a high-wire system in greenhouses for 25 weeks, and the growth characteristics and sink strength of fruit were determined. Fruits were pruned to four (4F) or one (1F) per truss. The latter were used to determine potential fruit growth, an indicator of fruit sink strength. Growth was also determined under normal (LC) and enriched (HC, 700 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂ concentrations to examine the effect of source enhancement on fruit production. In both cultivars under normal CO₂, the growth rate of fruit pruned to 4F per truss was lower than that in 1F, indicating that maximum potential fruit growth was not achieved. Under HC conditions, fruit growth rate of ‘Dundee’ achieved in 4F trusses was lower than that in 1F. In ‘Momotaro York’ in HC, fruit growth in 4F trusses was close to potential. This implies that fruit growth was source-limited irrespective of CO₂ concentrations in ‘Dundee’ cultivar while fruit growth in ‘Momotaro York’ under normal and enriched CO₂ conditions was limited by source and sink strengths, respectively. Adjustments of cultural practices including increasing fruit number per truss and/or genetic approaches to enhancing fruit sink strength by breeding may improve fruit yields of Japanese cultivars under high source/sink conditions.     

大气CO2浓度的升高、施氮及土壤水分对春小麦干物质积累和氮吸收的影响

Spring wheat (Thiticum aestivum L.cv.Dingxi No.8654) was treated with two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol^-1),two levels of soil moisture (well-watered and drought) and five rates of nitrogen fertilizer(0,50,100,150,and 200 mg kg^-1 soil) to study the atmospheric CO2 concentration effect on dry matter accumulation and N uptake of spring wheat.The effects of CO2 enrichment of the shoot and total mass depended largely on soil nitrogen level,and the shoot and total mass increased significantly in the moderate to high N treatments but did not increase significantly in the low N treatment.Enriched CO2 concentration did not increase more shoot and total mass in the drought treatment than in the well-watered treatment.Thus,elevated CO2 did not ameliorate the depressive effects of drought and nitrogen stress.In addition,root mass decreased slightly and root/shoot ratio decreased significantly due to CO2 enrichment in no N treatment under well-watered condition.Enriched CO2 decreased shoot N content and shoot and total N uptake;but it reduced root N content and uptake slightly.Shoot critical N concentration was lower for spring wheat grown at 700 μmol mol^-1 CO2 than at 350μmol mol^-1 CO2 in both well-watered and drought treatments. The critical N concentrations were 16 and 19 g kg^-1 for the well-watered treatment and drought treatment at elevated CO2 and 21 and 26 g kg^-1 at ambient CO2,respectively. The reductions in the movement of nutrients to the plant roots through mass flow due to the enhancement in WUE (water use efficiency) and the increase in N use efficiency at elevated CO2 could elucidate the reduction of shoot and root N concentrations.     

施硒对暗棕壤硒状况和森林蔬菜硒积累的影响

以培育富硒森林蔬菜为目标,在暗棕壤上进行了荚果蕨、小叶芹、小根蒜、婆婆丁等4种山野菜施硒试验。硒肥种类为亚硒酸钠,施硒量为0.10~10.00mg kg-1,直接施肥范围为0~15cm表土。经过一个完整的生长周期(1a)后测定土壤和植物硒指标。结果表明,典型暗棕壤对外源亚硒酸钠态硒具有较强吸收与保持能力,从低剂量至高剂量施入的硒有90%~70%以上仍保留在原施硒土层内;其中H2O可溶态硒占全硒的6.03%~3.78%,KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒占全硒的19.36%~37.54%,而且土壤全硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒及H2O可溶态硒皆与最初的施硒量呈线性正相关。在土施强化供硒条件下,4种山野菜均能高量富集硒,其含硒量为对照的1.7~158.9倍;不同植物的富硒能力有差异,它们在递增施硒情况下高量富集硒的变化模式也各有特点。总体来看,山野菜含硒量与施硒量之间为非线性正相关关系,但在一定的较低施硒量范围内这种关系则是线性的,线性范围因植物而异;土壤的可溶态硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效硒甚至全硒等指标与山野菜含硒量之间亦均呈明显的非线性正相关,且施硒量较低时其关系亦表现为线性。初步得出,典型暗棕壤控制施硒是在近自然条件下培育富硒森林蔬菜并获取高富硒生物资源的有效途径;不过,强烈搅动的砂砾质暗棕壤却不利于硒肥保持和植物吸收,不适于富硒森林蔬菜栽培。     

农田暴雨径流侵蚀泥沙流失及其对氮磷的富集

利用室内模拟降雨径流试验(降雨强度72mm/h),研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征及其对氮磷的富集作用。结果表明,侵蚀泥沙的团聚体组成和原来土壤有很大差异,<0.25mm团聚体占侵蚀泥沙重量的81%,而在原土壤中只有16%;>0.25mm的团聚体只有19%,远远低于原土壤中的84%。颗粒态氮磷分别占径流流失氮磷的94%和91%以上,而78%的颗粒态氮和69%的颗粒态磷是通过小于0.25mm团聚体流失的;44%的颗粒态氮和32%的颗粒态磷是通过<0.045mm团聚体流失的。侵蚀泥沙氮磷富集系数随时间而下降,并与侵蚀泥沙累积流失量之间呈显著的对数线性相关。侵蚀泥沙中<0.25mm团聚体,尤其是氮磷含量较高的<0.045mm团聚体的富集是侵蚀泥沙对氮磷富集的原因。     

纤维素降解菌对农业有机废弃物发酵进行CO2施肥的作用

采用室内培养和大棚试验相结合,对分离的3种纤维素降解菌在有机废弃物发酵释放CO₂中的作用及其对增加大棚CO₂浓度的效果进行了研究。结果表明,分离获得的三种菌均能明显促进有机废弃物发酵CO₂的释放,其中菌A和菌C的效果优于菌B;3种菌混合接种时效果最佳。在大棚栽培条件下,昼间CO₂浓度大部分时间低于300μL/L,处于亏缺状态;采用棚中不接种直接发酵也可大幅提高大棚的CO₂浓度,但释放的时间只有9.d左右;采用3种菌混合接种的方法棚内全天维持CO₂浓度800μL/L以上的时间可达14.d以上。     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。     

贵州废弃铅锌矿区优势植物中铅、锌、铬含量及富集特征

以贵州废弃DW铅锌矿区27种优势植物为研究对象,利用原子吸收、原子荧光测定植物体内Zn、Cr、Pb的含量,研究了矿区植物中的Zn、Cr、Pb的含量积累特征及植物对它们富集能力。结果表明,大多数植物中的重金属积累量由大到小的顺序为Zn、Pb、Cr,但富集系数由大到小的顺序为Cr、Zn、Pb。受矿区环境及Zn适应的影响,植物对Zn富集系数较小,Zn在百合科萱草中的积累量为1 650.27 mg/kg;地笋对Cr的富集系数为0.591,可作土壤重金属Cr污染修复植物;所研究的植物均不适合作重金属Pb的土壤环境修复植物。     

Stage Sensitivity of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) to an Elevated Level of Carbon Dioxide

An experiment was undertaken using open‐top chambers to study the effect of CO₂ enrichment on crop growth and to assess the variation related to the time of CO₂ exposure. In general, enriched CO₂ conditions (600 ± 50 p.p.m.) in the chamber positively affected the growth and development of mungbean (Vigna radiata), a short‐duration (60–65 days) summer pulse crop. However, there was significant variability in the effect of the crop stage/time of CO₂ exposure. It was observed that high CO₂ exposure at an early growth stage [0–20 days after germination (DAG)] had a larger effect than that at a later growth stage (21–40 DAG). The experiment also provided a means of assessing the short‐ and long‐term effects of elevated CO₂ on the carbon exchange rate at both stages of exposure. The study revealed that the sensitivity of plants to high CO₂ was more pronounced with respect to net photosynthetic rate. The overall photosynthetic activity gave greater growth and development of plants under high CO₂.     

Comparison of Four Enrichment Media in the Recovery of Campyloracter Jejuni

The effectiveness of 4 enrichment media for the recovery of low levels of inoculated cells of Campylobacter jejuni was evaluated. The media contained antibiotics or antibiotics and bile acids as selective compounds. Three of the media recovered most of the inoculated low numbers of 6 C. jejuni strains. In the 3 media the growth rate of 3 strains, indicated by the increase in the log number of cells during 24 h or 48 h incubation at 42 ° C, was about the same as in the control medium without selective compounds. The same 3 media also recovered a low number of Campylobacter cells from artificially contaminated raw milk or ground meat samples. The enrichment medium B containing 40 I.U. Colistin, 5 μg novobiocin, 2 mg Na-cholic acid and 50 mg cycloheximide per ml was inhibitory for most Campylobacter strains studied.     

Detection of Dickeya spp. latent infection in potato seed tubers using PCR or ELISA and correlation with disease incidence in commercial field crops under hot‐climate conditions

Over a 5‐year period (2006–2010), 277 certified, visually healthy potato seed lots, imported from Europe to Israel for commercial use, were tested for Dickeya spp. latent infection by PCR analysis (277 seed lots) and ELISA (154 seed lots). Seeds from these lots were grown in commercial potato fields which were inspected twice a season by Plant Protection and Inspection Services (PPIS). Stem samples were tested for the presence of Dickeya spp. by PCR analysis. PCR and ELISA results from seed lot testing correlated with disease expression in 74 and 83·8% of the cases, respectively. Positive laboratory results with no disease symptoms in the field (‘+lab/?field’ results) comprised 24·7 and 9·7% of the PCR and ELISA analyses, respectively, whereas negative laboratory results with disease symptoms in the field results (‘?lab/+field’) were obtained in 1·3 and 6·5%, of cases respectively. Maximum disease incidence, as well as the number of cultivars expressing disease symptoms, increased over the years of this study, indicating an increase in the prevalence of the disease. Severe disease incidence was observed on cvs Dita, Rodeo, Desiree, Mondial, Tomensa and Jelly. Of the 55 imported seed lots from which disease was recorded in the field, 49 originated from the Netherlands, four from Germany and two from France. None originated from Scotland.