农田暴雨径流侵蚀泥沙流失及其对氮磷的富集

利用室内模拟降雨径流试验(降雨强度72mm/h),研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征及其对氮磷的富集作用。结果表明,侵蚀泥沙的团聚体组成和原来土壤有很大差异,<0.25mm团聚体占侵蚀泥沙重量的81%,而在原土壤中只有16%;>0.25mm的团聚体只有19%,远远低于原土壤中的84%。颗粒态氮磷分别占径流流失氮磷的94%和91%以上,而78%的颗粒态氮和69%的颗粒态磷是通过小于0.25mm团聚体流失的;44%的颗粒态氮和32%的颗粒态磷是通过<0.045mm团聚体流失的。侵蚀泥沙氮磷富集系数随时间而下降,并与侵蚀泥沙累积流失量之间呈显著的对数线性相关。侵蚀泥沙中<0.25mm团聚体,尤其是氮磷含量较高的<0.045mm团聚体的富集是侵蚀泥沙对氮磷富集的原因。     

纤维素降解菌对农业有机废弃物发酵进行CO2施肥的作用

采用室内培养和大棚试验相结合,对分离的3种纤维素降解菌在有机废弃物发酵释放CO₂中的作用及其对增加大棚CO₂浓度的效果进行了研究。结果表明,分离获得的三种菌均能明显促进有机废弃物发酵CO₂的释放,其中菌A和菌C的效果优于菌B;3种菌混合接种时效果最佳。在大棚栽培条件下,昼间CO₂浓度大部分时间低于300μL/L,处于亏缺状态;采用棚中不接种直接发酵也可大幅提高大棚的CO₂浓度,但释放的时间只有9.d左右;采用3种菌混合接种的方法棚内全天维持CO₂浓度800μL/L以上的时间可达14.d以上。     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。     

贵州废弃铅锌矿区优势植物中铅、锌、铬含量及富集特征

以贵州废弃DW铅锌矿区27种优势植物为研究对象,利用原子吸收、原子荧光测定植物体内Zn、Cr、Pb的含量,研究了矿区植物中的Zn、Cr、Pb的含量积累特征及植物对它们富集能力。结果表明,大多数植物中的重金属积累量由大到小的顺序为Zn、Pb、Cr,但富集系数由大到小的顺序为Cr、Zn、Pb。受矿区环境及Zn适应的影响,植物对Zn富集系数较小,Zn在百合科萱草中的积累量为1 650.27 mg/kg;地笋对Cr的富集系数为0.591,可作土壤重金属Cr污染修复植物;所研究的植物均不适合作重金属Pb的土壤环境修复植物。     

Stage Sensitivity of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) to an Elevated Level of Carbon Dioxide

An experiment was undertaken using open‐top chambers to study the effect of CO₂ enrichment on crop growth and to assess the variation related to the time of CO₂ exposure. In general, enriched CO₂ conditions (600 ± 50 p.p.m.) in the chamber positively affected the growth and development of mungbean (Vigna radiata), a short‐duration (60–65 days) summer pulse crop. However, there was significant variability in the effect of the crop stage/time of CO₂ exposure. It was observed that high CO₂ exposure at an early growth stage [0–20 days after germination (DAG)] had a larger effect than that at a later growth stage (21–40 DAG). The experiment also provided a means of assessing the short‐ and long‐term effects of elevated CO₂ on the carbon exchange rate at both stages of exposure. The study revealed that the sensitivity of plants to high CO₂ was more pronounced with respect to net photosynthetic rate. The overall photosynthetic activity gave greater growth and development of plants under high CO₂.     

Comparison of Four Enrichment Media in the Recovery of Campyloracter Jejuni

The effectiveness of 4 enrichment media for the recovery of low levels of inoculated cells of Campylobacter jejuni was evaluated. The media contained antibiotics or antibiotics and bile acids as selective compounds. Three of the media recovered most of the inoculated low numbers of 6 C. jejuni strains. In the 3 media the growth rate of 3 strains, indicated by the increase in the log number of cells during 24 h or 48 h incubation at 42 ° C, was about the same as in the control medium without selective compounds. The same 3 media also recovered a low number of Campylobacter cells from artificially contaminated raw milk or ground meat samples. The enrichment medium B containing 40 I.U. Colistin, 5 μg novobiocin, 2 mg Na-cholic acid and 50 mg cycloheximide per ml was inhibitory for most Campylobacter strains studied.     

Detection of Dickeya spp. latent infection in potato seed tubers using PCR or ELISA and correlation with disease incidence in commercial field crops under hot‐climate conditions

Over a 5‐year period (2006–2010), 277 certified, visually healthy potato seed lots, imported from Europe to Israel for commercial use, were tested for Dickeya spp. latent infection by PCR analysis (277 seed lots) and ELISA (154 seed lots). Seeds from these lots were grown in commercial potato fields which were inspected twice a season by Plant Protection and Inspection Services (PPIS). Stem samples were tested for the presence of Dickeya spp. by PCR analysis. PCR and ELISA results from seed lot testing correlated with disease expression in 74 and 83·8% of the cases, respectively. Positive laboratory results with no disease symptoms in the field (‘+lab/?field’ results) comprised 24·7 and 9·7% of the PCR and ELISA analyses, respectively, whereas negative laboratory results with disease symptoms in the field results (‘?lab/+field’) were obtained in 1·3 and 6·5%, of cases respectively. Maximum disease incidence, as well as the number of cultivars expressing disease symptoms, increased over the years of this study, indicating an increase in the prevalence of the disease. Severe disease incidence was observed on cvs Dita, Rodeo, Desiree, Mondial, Tomensa and Jelly. Of the 55 imported seed lots from which disease was recorded in the field, 49 originated from the Netherlands, four from Germany and two from France. None originated from Scotland.     

豆科与禾本科绿肥饲草作物混播增肥及改土效果研究

采用四因素单形重心混料设计,对豆科与禾本科绿肥作物混播增肥改土效果及其混播技术进行研究,结果表明:箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子混播为最佳混播方式,其用种量为箭筈豌豆75.0kg/hm2、毛苕子30kg/hm2、谷子20kg/hm2,在小麦扬花期撒播,鲜草产量可达36138kg/hm2,较单播箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子分别增产34.6%、1.9%、156.3%;鲜根量可达3534kg/hm2,较单播箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子分别增加81.4%、67.2%、28.9%。混播区较单播区土壤有机质含量增加0.148～0.43g/kg,全氮增加-0.04～0.11g/kg,碱解氮增加2.1mg/kg,速效磷增加1mg/kg,全磷基本保持平衡,土壤容重减轻0.01～0.02g/cm3,土壤孔隙度提高0.33%～0.66%。     

牛miR-144靶基因预测与组织表达分析

为研究miR-144的靶基因与miR-144在牛不同组织中的表达规律,预测其对肌肉生长发育的调节机制,对miR-144在各物种间的保守性、潜在靶基因及其富集通路进行分析,通过qRT-PCR方法检测牛不同组织中miR-144的表达.结果表明,miR-144成熟序列在各物种间保守性较高;富集分析发现,靶基因显著富集于血管平...     

Pasture research in Natal

Uittreksel

Die benutting van gespaarde suurveld skep praktiese probleme. As gevolg van die ontwikkeling van hoë proteien‐ en stikstoflekke is dit nou moontlik om gespaarde veld af te wei. Verslag word gedoen van proewe oor drie winters vvaar gespaarde suurveld, òf deur skape, òf deur beeste afgewei is. Hergroei op hierdie veld die daaropvolgende somer is vergelyk met die hergroei van veld wat in die winter lig bewei of gladnie bewei is nie en dan in die lente skoongebrand of skoongesny is. Waar bevveiding nie te straf was nie, is daar geen aanduiding dat skoonwei nadeliger was as enige behandeling wat lentebrand ingesluit het. Temperatuurlesings is geneem en grondvogbebepalings is gedoen op beweide en onbeweide veld. Dit is opgemerk dat veld wat vroeg in die winter afgewei is, vroeg die daaropvolgende lente bot.