FACE对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性影响的研究

2005、2006年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）研究平台,设计施N量为125kg·hm^-2（LN）、250kg·hm^-2（NN）处理,研究大气CO2浓度比对照高200umol·mol^-1的FACE处理对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性的影响。结果表明：（1）FACE处理使汕优63不同生育时期单位干质量根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、α-萘胺氧化量等根系活性指标均极显著小于对照。由于FACE处理促进汕优63根系发生量的大幅度增加,因此分蘖期、拔节期其单穴根系活性与对照多无明显差异,到抽穗期FACE处理单穴根系活性显著大于对照;（2）拔节期、抽穗期汕优63每穴的不定根数、不定根总长度、根系体积、根干质量与单位干质量根系活性的关系密切,根量越大单位于质量根系活性越低;（3）不同生育时期汕优63植株含氮率与单位干质量的根系活性多呈正相关,植株碳氮比与单位干质量的根系活性多呈负相关;（4）FACE处理汕优63根系生长量大、植株含氮率低、碳氮比高等可能是造成其单位干质量根系活性低于对照的重要原因。     

FACE对水稻产量形成的影响及其原因分析

2001～2003年,在大田条件下以武香粳14号为供试品种,设计高、中、低氮处理,研究开放式空气CO2浓度增加(FACE)200μmolmol-1对水稻产量形成的影响及其原因。结果表明,FACE处理使水稻产量平均比对照增加12.8%,其中2001、2002和2003年增幅分别为10.8、14.1和13.6%,高、中、低氮处理的增幅分别为17.6、12.4、10.9%,均达到显著或极显著水平;FACE和氮处理对水稻产量的互作效应,2001、2002年达到显著水平,产量最高的处理组合为FACE×NN;FACE处理使水稻穗数平均比对照增加18.8%,每穗颖花数平均比对照减少7.6%,均达极显著水平;FACE处理使水稻生物产量平均提高16.2%,达极显著水平,使经济系数下降但未达到显著水平。进一步研究表明,FACE处理使水稻穗数极显著多于对照是因其分蘖发生速度快,最高分蘖数多所致,而不是其分蘖成穗率高的缘故;FACE处理使水稻每穗颖花数极显著少于对照是因其分化颖花的大量退化所致,而不是分化颖花数少的缘故。     

土壤食细菌线虫的分离和富集培养方法

从小麦根际土中分离得到一种能取食B1和B2两种细菌的土壤食细菌线虫，并在马铃薯蔗糖培养基上富化培养成功。经鉴定该线虫为原小杆线虫属（Protorhabditis sp.）,B1为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.),B2为醋杆菌属（Acetobacter sp.)。用牛肉膏蛋白胨细菌培养基培养B1和B2两种细菌时细菌无多糖发生，线虫不能取食细菌而生长繁殖；当用马铃薯蔗糖真菌培养基培养B1和B2两种细菌时，细菌分泌丰富的多糖，线虫生长繁殖较好。多糖是线虫生长繁殖的重要外部环境。     

在CO2浓度加富条件下马尾松针叶的生理生态响应

研究了在3种不同CO2浓度(360 μmol·mol-1、800 μmol·mol-1、1 200 μmol·mol-1)下马尾松针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在当前CO2(360 μmol·mol-1)浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别为3.46 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.273 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.0254 mmol·m-2·s-1,针叶的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为:(1 800±2) μmol·m-2·s-1和(24±2) μmol·m-2·s-1.当CO2加富到1 200 μmol·mol-1时,针叶的光饱和点降低了200 μmol·m-2·s-1,而光补偿点增加了4 μmol·m-2·s-1.在光照强度为50～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,不同CO2浓度下的水分利用率平均值分别为:1 200 μmol·mol-1浓度下的19.163 μmol·mmol-1,800 μmol·mol-1浓度下的12.912 μmol·mmol-1,360 μmol·mol-1浓度下的11.192 μmol·mmol-1.短期的CO2加富降低了植物叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度,而植物的水分利用效率则上升.     

围封对短花针茅植丛土壤颗粒组成和养分富集的影响

以一体化土壤采集器为试材,采用植丛内外差值百分比法,以围封退化短花针茅草地为研究对象,临近自由放牧草地为对照(CK),对比研究了荒漠草原短花针茅植丛对土壤颗粒组成和SOC和TN的富集效应在空间上的变化,以期探讨植丛对土壤富集作用的影响。结果表明:就富集率"E"值而言,粘粒(<2μm)和砂粒(50～2 000μm)的富集格局大致趋势相反,生境和土层深度对粉粒(2～500μm)的富集均无显著影响(P>0.05)。SOC在6～8 cm土层放牧区显著高于围封区,12～14 cm土层围封区显著高于放牧区;TN则在4～6 cm土层围封区显著高于放牧区,12～14 cm土层放牧区显著高于围封区(P<0.05)。沿土层深度垂直变化,颗粒组成仅放牧区砂粒在12～14 cm土层"E"值显著增高(P>0.05);SOC围封区0～2 cm土层"E"值显著高于其它土层(P<0.05),TN放牧区呈先减少后增高"V"型变化,4～8 cm土层"E"值显著降低(P<0.05),放牧区的SOC和围封区的TN都无显著变化(P>0.05)。粘粒与砂粒的"E"值均呈显著负相关(P<0.05),粉粒与粘粒、粉粒与砂粒的"E"值相关关系逆转;颗粒组成与SOC、TN的"E"值相关性都不显著(P>0.05)。总之,围封并未使短花针茅植丛对土壤粘粒的整体富集率增大,反而有所降低;但围封确推动了土壤粘粒和SOC表聚型富集;土壤SOC和TN的富集是2个独立的过程,围封都有利于任意土层TN的富集。     

基于高光谱联合流化床富集的红葡萄酒白藜芦醇检测

利用高光谱成像技术联合流化床富集技术对红葡萄酒中微量成分白藜芦醇的含量进行快速检测。通过高效液相色谱法检测红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的含量,设计流化床富集装置,研究HPD826、DA-201、AB-8、H103、HPD600共5种树脂对红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的富集效果,筛选出H103树脂富集效果最优。将H103大孔吸附树脂用于富集红葡萄酒中的白藜芦醇。获取吸附白藜芦醇后树脂的高光谱反射图像(900~1 700 nm),对比5种光谱预处理方法(MSC、SNV、SG-S、RN、QN)对白藜芦醇含量的建模效果,优选出RN预处理方法;建立PLSR、SVMR(LK-SVMR、PKSVMR、RBF-SVMR和S-SVMR)、PCR的6种回归模型,优选出LK-SVMR校正模型和PLSR校正模型,将其用于预测集样本进一步评价模型的精度和稳定性,最终确定PLSR模型为最佳模型。研究表明,基于RN-PLSR的红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的定量预测模型相关系数R_P=0.852 8,预测集均方根误差为0.036 0,R_C=0.878 3,校正集均方根误差为0.033 0,预测效果最佳,为高光谱技术在微量、痕量成分检测方面的应用提供了参考。     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

Fortification of Bread Wheat Using Synthesized Zn-Glycine and Zn-Alanine Chelates in Comparison with ZnSO4 in a Calcareous Soil

ABSTRACT

Calcareous soils typically suffer from zinc deficiency and zinc sulfate is incorporated in many cultivated soils. Utilization of ZnSO₄ has some kinds of interaction with soil particles and organic matter. In this study, the efficacy of two znic(Zn)-amino acid chelates (Zn-ACs) i.e., Zn-alanine (Zn-Ala) and Zn-glycine (Zn-Gly) on wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. N91-8) growth characteristics and zinc concentration in wheat was examined under greenhouse conditions and compared to the a commercial ZnSO₄. Results showed that Zn-Ala and Zn-Gly significantly increased the dry weight and shoot length of wheat in comparison to ZnSO₄ treatment. Soil application of Zn-Amino acid chelates proved to be the most influential source of zinc in increasing wheat growth and yield indices. Number of fertile spikelet and grain yield increased significantly respectively compared to ZnSO₄ treatment. Zn concentration and protein content of wheat grain in Zn-ACs treatment was significantly higher than the ZnSO₄ treatment. Soil application of Zn-ACs caused a significant decrease in the grain phytic acid (PA) concentration and also phytic acid to zinc molar ratio in comparison with ZnSO₄ treatment. According to the results, Zn-ACs could be utilized as a zinc fertilizer source for improving the zinc bioavailability in wheat.     

三江并流区土壤氧化铁及其发生学意义研究

采集云南省西部怒江、澜沧江、金沙江三江并流区8种不同类型土壤,进行土壤氧化铁及其发生学意义研究。结果表明,发育于第三纪古红土和玄武岩母质上的土壤全铁含量较高,铁游离度较低,活性铁和铁活化度也较低。不同类型土壤全铁含量由低到高依次为：高山草甸土〈紫色土〈黄棕壤〈棕色针叶林土〈棕壤〈红壤〈石灰土〈暗棕壤。棕壤、石灰土的土壤铁富集明显,处于富铁化阶段;红壤、紫色土、黄棕壤的土壤铝富集超过铁,铁的游离度很高,已进入富铝化阶段;暗棕壤、棕色针叶林土、高山草甸土的土壤风化发育尚停留在脱盐基的硅铝化阶段。     

塔里木河中游胡杨(Populus euphraticu)“肥岛”的养分特征研究

利用传统统计学和地统计学方法,对塔里木河中游胡杨"肥岛"的养分特征进行了研究.结果表明:胡杨周围的土壤养分向冠幅内聚集,具有较强的富积强度,形成了明显的"肥岛"特征.大胡杨冠幅下4种养分(有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾)分别比冠幅外高64.94%,72.87%,61.70%和185.20%;中胡杨为5.36%,5.39%,47.02%和93.43%;小胡杨为27.96%,10.20%,67.48%和218.59%;但不同发育阶段土壤养分的富积率具有一定的差异,有机质表现为极显著,碱解氮和速效钾表现为显著,而有效磷没有显著差异.单株胡杨土壤养分变异系数属中等强度,半方差函数模型除碱解氮为高斯模型外,其他为球状模型, 块金值/基台值[C0/(C C0)]的比值均在25%附近,表明空间相关性强烈,整体看来土壤养分的变异性主要由结构性因素引起的.胡杨养分的"肥岛"作用范围(7.5～11.1 m)大于冠幅半径(5 m);通过克里格插值图分析,胡杨立地土壤养分表现出不同程度的"肥岛"效应.