A comparison among differently enriched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and their effect on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae early growth, survival and lipid composition

We evaluated the effect of differently enriched rotifers on the early growth, survival and lipid composition of Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua). The enrichments tested were: (i) AlgaMac 2000^®; (ii) AquaGrow^® Advantage; and (iii) a combination of Pavlova sp. paste and AlgaMac 2000^®. Larvae from treatment 3 [1.50 ± 0.11 mg dry weight (dw) and 7.10 ± 0.14 dw specific growth rate (SGR)] were heavier (P = 0.006) and grew faster (P = 0.004) than larvae from treatment 2 (1.03 ± 0.04 mg dw and 6.29 ± 0.04 dw SGR). No significant differences were found in the final weight and SGR among larvae from treatment 1 (1.21 ± 0.07 mg dw and 6.58 ± 0.20 dw SGR) and larvae from treatments 2 and 3. The treatment 3 also resulted in the best survival at the end of the experimental period, estimated to be 3 on a scale from 1 to 5, whereas the survival estimates for the two other groups were 1–2. Larvae from the treatment 3 reached 37 days posthatch with levels of ω6DPA 32‐fold higher than newly hatched larvae. Differences in the larval enrichment of ω6DPA may explain the differences in growth and survival of the Atlantic cod larvae.     

能源作物甜高粱和玉米对土壤重金属的富集比较

采用盆栽实验研究不同浓度重金属胁迫下(Cd、Pb、Cr)能源作物甜高粱和玉米不同器官Cd、Pb、Cr含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量。结果表明,Cd胁迫下,甜高粱不同器官Cd含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量(6.28~59.71μg)均高于玉米;Pb胁迫下,玉米不同器官Pb含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量(223.71~652.44μg)均高于甜高粱;随Cr浓度增加,甜高粱和玉米不同器官Cr含量、富集系数以及冠部累积量均呈上升趋势,在Cr胁迫下甜高粱和玉米的生物量较小,冠部Cr累积量小。相比之下,甜高粱适合修复Cd污染土壤,玉米适合修复Pb污染土壤,两种作物均不适合修复Cr污染土壤。     

福建菜田氮磷积累状况及其淋失潜力研究

本文通过采集460个福建菜田代表性耕层土样,采用土壤测试和土柱渗漏水模拟试验的方法研究菜田土壤硝态氮和Olsen P含量状况和淋失临界指标及其淋失潜力。结果表明,耕层土壤硝态氮含量为47.455.5 mg/kg,Olsen-P含量则为61.743.2 mg/kg, 其中瓜果类蔬菜种植地土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量明显高于叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜种植地。 应用双速率转折点建模法,得到氮、 磷淋失临界指标X0分别为土壤硝态氮76.3 mg/kg和Olsen-P 42.8 mg/kg。 淋失临界值相当于或略高于满足蔬菜营养的农学指标。当土壤硝态氮或Olsen-P含量低于X0时,随着其含量增加,渗漏水硝态氮或总磷浓度以线性方式缓慢增加,反之,则以非线性形式急剧增大。土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量高于其X0的土样数分别占17.9%和81.3%, 表明这些样点具有较高的氮、 磷淋失潜力,是氮、 磷污染控制的关键地块。 瓜果类菜田土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量高于其X0的土样数分别占到32.3%和96.3%,淋失潜力明显高于叶菜类和根茎类菜田,是氮、 磷污染控制的优先区域。     

黄麻土工布覆盖对花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性的影响

[目的]探究黄麻土工布覆盖条件下花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性,为花岗岩红壤区坡面土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,在2个坡度(5°和15°坡度)、3种密度(无覆盖,6 cm×6 cm及3 cm×3 cm网格)的黄麻土工布覆盖条件下,研究极端降雨条件下(90 mm/h)花岗岩红壤表土的坡面侵蚀特性,并观测径流系数、土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙颗粒变化规律及富集率等指标。[结果]坡面径流随降雨历时增加而增加,土壤侵蚀速率则相反,表明侵蚀过程是一个分离受限的过程。和对照组相比,黄麻土工布覆盖在不同试验条件下都具有明显的减流减沙作用。另外,由侵蚀泥沙的粒径分选规律可知,坡面土壤中的黏粒和粉粒大小的颗粒倾向于被优先选择性搬运,其结果致使坡面石英粗颗粒富集,在缓坡(5°)与高密度黄麻土工布覆盖条件下(3 cm×3 cm网格)尤为突出。坡面石英粗颗粒随降雨历时增加不断富集进一步增加了原位坡面的侵蚀抗性,产生了土壤侵蚀速率随降雨历时不断降低的现象。[结论]高密度黄麻土工布的覆盖能够有效地减流减沙,增加原位坡面抗蚀性,是一种有效的水土保持措施,在今后的土壤侵蚀防治和劣地恢复工作中应该被重视。     

雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀及其颗粒富集过程的影响

为研究雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀过程和泥沙颗粒分布规律的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以华北土石山区2种典型土壤为研究对象,在4种雨强(30,60,90,120mm/h)条件下,分析了径流的变化过程和侵蚀泥沙的颗粒组成及其颗粒富集率的变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土和石灰性褐土的产流时间均逐渐减小,分别缩短了79%和85%;(2)在60,90,120mm/h雨强条件下,黄土性褐土的径流强度和泥沙浓度均随降雨时间先减小后增大,而后趋于稳定状态,石灰性褐土仅在120mm/h雨强条件下出现相似规律;(3)当雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土泥沙流失朝粗颗粒化发展,侵蚀泥沙的砂粒和粗粉粒含量分别增加了86%和21%,而石灰性褐土的变化不明显;(4)在降雨初始阶段,粒径较小的黏粒和细粉粒明显富集,而粒径较大的粗粉粒和砂粒不易流失,但随着降雨历时的延长,不同粒径泥沙颗粒的富集率趋于1,这种现象在大雨强下表现得尤为明显。     

中国5种典型土壤的侵蚀泥沙粒径分布特征

通过天然降雨试验,研究我国5种典型土壤的侵蚀泥沙团粒和单粒粒径分布以及泥沙各级团粒的机械组成特征。2013—2014年汛期(6—9月),监测红壤、紫色土、黄绵土、褐土和黑土径流小区的降雨产流事件,收集侵蚀泥沙样品,利用湿筛法和吸管法测定其团粒和单粒粒径分布;同时,筛选出泥沙各级团粒样品,进一步测定其单粒粒径组成。结果表明:(1)侵蚀泥沙粒径分布是土壤质地和降雨强度综合作用的结果,团粒粒径分布更适合作为表征泥沙输移的指标;(2)5种土壤的侵蚀泥沙皆表现出粉团(0.002~0.05mm)和黏团(0.002mm)的明显富集;(3)在泥沙单粒粒径分布方面,除红壤的粉粒(0.002~0.05mm)和黏粒(0.002mm)有轻微富集外,其余4种土壤的各级单粒均无明显富集;(4)红壤侵蚀泥沙粉团(0.002~0.05mm)中的黏粒含量最多,其余4种土壤侵蚀泥沙机械组成和各级团粒的机械组成均与原土接近。     

Considering sink strength to model crop production under elevated atmospheric CO2

Climatic changes and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will affect crop growth and production in the near future. Rising CO₂ concentration is a novel environmental aspect that should be considered when projections for future agricultural productivity are made. In addition to a reducing effect on stomatal conductance and crop transpiration, elevated CO₂ concentration can stimulate crop production. The magnitude of this stimulatory effect (‘CO₂ fertilization’) is subject of discussion. In this study, different calculation procedures of the generic crop model AquaCrop based on a foregoing theoretical framework and a meta-analysis of field responses, respectively, were evaluated against experimental data of free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) environments. A flexible response of the water productivity parameter of the model to CO₂ concentration was introduced as the best option to consider crop sink strength and responsiveness to CO₂. By varying the response factor, differences in crop sink capacity and trends in breeding and management, which alter crop responsiveness, can be addressed. Projections of maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production reflecting the differences in responsiveness were simulated for future time horizons when elevated CO₂ concentrations and climatic changes are expected. Variation in future yield potential associated with sink strength could be as high as 27% of the total production. Thus, taking into account crop sink strength and variation in responsiveness is equally relevant to considering climatic changes and elevated CO₂ concentration when assessing future crop production. Indicative values representing the crop responsiveness to elevated CO₂ concentration were proposed for all crops currently available in the database of AquaCrop as a first step in reducing part of the uncertainty involved in modeling future agricultural production.     

纤维素降解菌对农业有机废弃物发酵进行CO2施肥的作用

采用室内培养和大棚试验相结合,对分离的3种纤维素降解菌在有机废弃物发酵释放CO2中的作用及其对增加大棚CO2浓度的效果进行了研究。结果表明,分离获得的三种菌均能明显促进有机废弃物发酵CO2的释放,其中菌A和菌C的效果优于菌B;3种菌混合接种时效果最佳。在大棚栽培条件下,昼间CO2浓度大部分时间低于300μL/L,处于亏缺状态;采用棚中不接种直接发酵也可大幅提高大棚的CO2浓度,但释放的时间只有9 d左右;采用3种菌混合接种的方法棚内全天维持CO2浓度800μL/L以上的时间可达14 d以上。     

CO2施肥对黄瓜幼苗矿质营养吸收与分配的影响

以土培和砂培黄瓜幼苗为试材，研究CO₂施肥对植株矿质营养吸收和分配的影响。结果表明：每天上午以1100±100 μl/L CO₂浓度施肥3 h或上、下午各施肥3 h明显降低植株各部位多数矿质元素的含量，CO₂施肥时间延长，降幅增大。CO₂施肥增强了黄瓜对矿质元素的吸收能力，使单株吸收总量显著增加，且施肥时间越长，吸收数量越多。因此，在CO₂施肥的同时应增加矿质营养的供给。     

Impact of atmospheric CO2 and plant life forms on soil microbial activities

From the global change perspective, increase of atmospheric CO₂ and land cover transformation are among the major impacts caused by human activities. In this study, we are addressing the combined issues of the effect of CO₂ concentration increase and plant type on soil microbial activities by asking how annual and perennial plant groups affect soil microbial processes under elevated CO₂. The experimental design used a mix of species of different growth forms for both annuals and perennials. Our objective was: (1) to determine how two years of annual or perennial plant cover and CO₂ enrichment could affect Mediterranean soil microbial processes; (2) to test the resistance and the resilience of these soil functional processes after a natural perturbation. We determined the effects of 2 years atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on soil potential respiration (SIR), denitrification (DEA) and nitrification (NEA) activities. We could not find any significant effect of CO₂ increase on SIR, DEA and NEA. However, we found a strong effect of the plant cover type, i.e. annuals versus perennials, on the potential microbial activity related to N cycling. DEA and NEA were significantly higher in soil under annual plants while SIR was not significantly different. To determine whether these changes would survive a natural perturbation, we carried out a rain event experiment once the experimental treatments (i.e. different plant cover and atmospheric CO₂ concentration) were stopped. The soil potential respiration, as expressed by the SIR, was not affected and remained stable. DEA rates converged rapidly under annuals and perennials after the rain event. Under both annuals and perennials NEA increased significantly after the rain event but remained significantly higher in the soil with annual plants. The relative change of the soil microbial processes induced by annual and perennial plants was inversely related to the density and the diversity of the corresponding microbial functional groups.