粤北冰灾受损杉木林6种人工套种模式的植物多样性研究

基于2008年广东省天井山林场冰灾受损杉木林6种人工套种模式以及自然恢复模式的18个面积为400 m2样地的调查数据,对该区域受损杉木林的植物群落结构及其生物多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明,群落类型有杉木+红花荷、杉木+峨眉含笑、杉木+火力楠、杉木+枫香、杉木+南酸枣、杉木+观光木+深山含笑、杉木纯林。群落的乔木层常见树种为杉木、红花荷、峨眉含笑、火力楠、枫香、南酸枣、阿丁枫、观光木及深山含笑等;灌草层植物以蔓生莠竹、唐竹、山苍子、淡竹叶、空心泡等植物为优势种。各群落乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数从大到小依次为:杉木+观光木+深山含笑>杉木+红花荷>杉木纯林>杉木+枫香>杉木+南酸枣>杉木+火力楠>杉木+峨眉含笑;灌草层Shannon-Wiener指数由大到小依次为:杉木+红花荷>杉木+观光木+深山含笑>杉木+枫香>杉木+火力楠>杉木+峨眉含笑>杉木+南酸枣>杉木纯林。     

[CO2]升高对粮食作物影响的研究进展

自工业革命以来,由人类活动引起的大气CO_2浓度([CO_2])不断攀升,正驱动着全球气候变化,对全球农业产生重大影响。本文归纳总结了目前作物对高[CO_2]响应的主要研究技术手段,以及作物对高[CO_2]响应的机理研究,并进一步梳理了当前全球关于[CO_2]升高对作物产量和营养品质影响的研究。结果表明:相比封闭式或半封闭式环境控制试验系统,开放式试验系统(如开放式CO_2控制系统FACE)由于其能更加真实地模拟自然条件下作物对未来高[CO_2]的响应和适应情况,被公认为是目前研究作物对高[CO_2]响应的最理想手段。[CO_2]增高会增加C3作物光合速率、生物量和产量,在一定程度上缓解气候变化对农作物产生的负面影响,但是作物对大气[CO_2]的升高存在光合适应现象,当作物长期暴露在高[CO_2]条件下时,高[CO_2]对作物的促进作用会逐渐减缓。近10年的FACE试验发现,对高[CO_2]出现高应答的水稻品种,其光合速率和产量在高[CO_2]下的增加幅度比早期的主要粮食作物FACE试验结果平均高出两倍。此外,高[CO_2]会明显降低大部分非豆科C3作物中蛋白质和矿物质(如锌、铁)以及部分维生素的含量,加剧目前全球约2亿人由于维生素和矿物质元素等营养缺乏导致的健康问题。如何充分利用未来高[CO_2]实现高增产的同时,减缓粮食养分下降的负面影响,是迫切需要解决的科学问题。     

农作物和园艺作物富硒效应研究进展

硒被证实是动物必需的营养元素,环境中硒过量或缺乏均会导致人体和动物产生疾病.近年来国内外有关植物富硒研究多有报道,特别是有关农作物及园艺植物富硒研究资料较多.通过综合相关文献,综述了国内近年来有关农作物和园艺作物施硒的研究现状、作用机理、应用现状以及富硒研究的最新进展.     

施硒对暗棕壤硒状况和森林蔬菜硒积累的影响

以培育富硒森林蔬菜为目标,在暗棕壤上进行了荚果蕨、小叶芹、小根蒜、婆婆丁等4种山野菜施硒试验。硒肥种类为亚硒酸钠,施硒量为0.10~10.00mg kg-1,直接施肥范围为0~15cm表土。经过一个完整的生长周期(1a)后测定土壤和植物硒指标。结果表明,典型暗棕壤对外源亚硒酸钠态硒具有较强吸收与保持能力,从低剂量至高剂量施入的硒有90%~70%以上仍保留在原施硒土层内;其中H2O可溶态硒占全硒的6.03%~3.78%,KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒占全硒的19.36%~37.54%,而且土壤全硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒及H2O可溶态硒皆与最初的施硒量呈线性正相关。在土施强化供硒条件下,4种山野菜均能高量富集硒,其含硒量为对照的1.7~158.9倍;不同植物的富硒能力有差异,它们在递增施硒情况下高量富集硒的变化模式也各有特点。总体来看,山野菜含硒量与施硒量之间为非线性正相关关系,但在一定的较低施硒量范围内这种关系则是线性的,线性范围因植物而异;土壤的可溶态硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效硒甚至全硒等指标与山野菜含硒量之间亦均呈明显的非线性正相关,且施硒量较低时其关系亦表现为线性。初步得出,典型暗棕壤控制施硒是在近自然条件下培育富硒森林蔬菜并获取高富硒生物资源的有效途径;不过,强烈搅动的砂砾质暗棕壤却不利于硒肥保持和植物吸收,不适于富硒森林蔬菜栽培。     

三种沉水植物对Cu、Pb复合污染底泥的修复效果

利用生态缸模拟静态水体,进行底泥重金属污染的富集试验,从富集量、生物富集系数(BSAF)和去除率等指标探究苦草(Vallisneria natans)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)等三种常见沉水植物对Cu、Pb复合污染底泥的修复效果。结果表明:苦草、黑藻富集效果最佳的时间段为培养生长的84~105 d,金鱼藻则为63~84 d。黑藻对Cu的BSAF达到15.2,是苦草的2.9倍、金鱼藻的2.7倍,黑藻中Cu含量与底泥中重金属含量达到显著负相关(r=-0.995,P0.05),表现出对Cu较高的富集能力。从去除率与BSAF显示,三种植物对Cu的富集能力为黑藻金鱼藻苦草;对Pb的富集能力为苦草黑藻金鱼藻;其中黑藻对Cu-Pb复合污染的综合修复效果最好。三种植物的一个生长周期结束时,底泥中Cu、Pb含量与试验开始的污染底泥相比差异均达到显著水平(P0.05),Cu-Pb复合污染程度有明显下降,经修复后的Cu-Pb复合污染底泥可达到《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)的Ⅱ级标准;而黑藻富集作用可以使污染底泥中Cu含量达到《土壤环境质量标准》的Ⅰ级标准。     

三江并流区土壤氧化铁及其发生学意义研究

采集云南省西部怒江、澜沧江、金沙江三江并流区8种不同类型土壤,进行土壤氧化铁及其发生学意义研究。结果表明,发育于第三纪古红土和玄武岩母质上的土壤全铁含量较高,铁游离度较低,活性铁和铁活化度也较低。不同类型土壤全铁含量由低到高依次为：高山草甸土〈紫色土〈黄棕壤〈棕色针叶林土〈棕壤〈红壤〈石灰土〈暗棕壤。棕壤、石灰土的土壤铁富集明显,处于富铁化阶段;红壤、紫色土、黄棕壤的土壤铝富集超过铁,铁的游离度很高,已进入富铝化阶段;暗棕壤、棕色针叶林土、高山草甸土的土壤风化发育尚停留在脱盐基的硅铝化阶段。     

围封对短花针茅植丛土壤颗粒组成和养分富集的影响

以一体化土壤采集器为试材,采用植丛内外差值百分比法,以围封退化短花针茅草地为研究对象,临近自由放牧草地为对照(CK),对比研究了荒漠草原短花针茅植丛对土壤颗粒组成和SOC和TN的富集效应在空间上的变化,以期探讨植丛对土壤富集作用的影响。结果表明:就富集率"E"值而言,粘粒(<2μm)和砂粒(50～2 000μm)的富集格局大致趋势相反,生境和土层深度对粉粒(2～500μm)的富集均无显著影响(P>0.05)。SOC在6～8 cm土层放牧区显著高于围封区,12～14 cm土层围封区显著高于放牧区;TN则在4～6 cm土层围封区显著高于放牧区,12～14 cm土层放牧区显著高于围封区(P<0.05)。沿土层深度垂直变化,颗粒组成仅放牧区砂粒在12～14 cm土层"E"值显著增高(P>0.05);SOC围封区0～2 cm土层"E"值显著高于其它土层(P<0.05),TN放牧区呈先减少后增高"V"型变化,4～8 cm土层"E"值显著降低(P<0.05),放牧区的SOC和围封区的TN都无显著变化(P>0.05)。粘粒与砂粒的"E"值均呈显著负相关(P<0.05),粉粒与粘粒、粉粒与砂粒的"E"值相关关系逆转;颗粒组成与SOC、TN的"E"值相关性都不显著(P>0.05)。总之,围封并未使短花针茅植丛对土壤粘粒的整体富集率增大,反而有所降低;但围封确推动了土壤粘粒和SOC表聚型富集;土壤SOC和TN的富集是2个独立的过程,围封都有利于任意土层TN的富集。     

Fatty acid utilization during the early larval stages of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

The pattern of conservation and loss of fatty acids from the yolk sac during the endogenous feeding period and subsequent starvation was studied in pompano and snook larvae. Fundamental information on the early fatty acid dynamic and mobilization of pompano and snook larvae was collected. In both species, fatty acids were utilized as an energy source after hatching. Mono‐unsaturated fatty acids were catabolized, while saturated and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids were conserved. High levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) in pompano and snook eggs, as well as selective retention in the unfed larvae suggest a high dietary requirement for this fatty acid during the early stages of larval development. The effect of an ARA supplementation was therefore investigated in snook larvae at the rotifer feeding stage. The fatty acid profile of the larvae was successfully influenced to match that of wild eggs; however, no significant improvement in growth or survival was observed. Future research should be carried out over a longer period of time and include factors related to stress resistance.     

纳米技术在食品安全快速检测中的应用

纳米技术中的磁性分离技术因其具有操作简便、高效快速等特点,目前已被广泛地应用于生物医学的快速分离纯化和检测等领域中.近年来,食品安全的磁分离快速检测技术发展迅速.介绍了磁分离技术在食品安全快速检测方面的应用研究现状,主要包括快速分离、富集和快速检测的应用研究.     

Nutritional composition of rotifers following a change in diet from yeast and emulsified oil to microalgae

Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, fed baker's yeast and a lipid emulsion (High DNA Super Selco, INVE Aquaculture NV Systems SA, Belgium), were harvested and fed Isochrysis galbana for 72 h, the nutrient composition was analysed during this period. The enrichment effect on the rotifers following transfer to I. galbana was most pronounced for ascorbic acid and thiamin. I. galbana seemed to contribute very little as a source of the lipid-soluble vitamins. Most of the minerals and trace elements were unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana, but Fe, Mn, As and Cd increased, Cu and Ni decreased whereas the effect on Cr and Mo were uncertain. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers changed towards the composition of I. galbana during the experimental period. Intermediate glycogen levels were measured in the rotifers at all sampling times. With the exception of lysine, serine and proline, all amino acid levels seemed to be unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana. This study showed that transfer of rotifers to microalgae (I. galbana) feeding had a positive effect on nutritional value. Macronutrients were maintained at adequate levels, and algal feeding improved the nutritional quality of rotifers with respect to water-soluble vitamins. Changes in rotifer nutrient composition are discussed in relation to nutritional requirements of fish larvae.