三疣梭子蟹微卫星文库的构建及序列分析

采用磁珠富集法筛选三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的微卫星序列。经Sau3AI酶切后的200~1000bp DNA纯化片段,与两端已知序列的人工接头连接,用含有生物素标记的(CA)₁₂和(GA)₁₂探针杂交,根据磁珠的链酶亲和素与生物素特异结合的特性,捕获含微卫星序列的单链DNA,以此为模板用人工接头序列为引物进行PCR扩增,随后将获得的片段连接到PMD18-T载体上,转化至DH5α感受态细胞中,成功构建了微卫星富集文库。测序其中的60个阳性克隆,得到42条微卫星序列(基因登录号为:HQ283153-HQ283194),除探针使用的CA/GT、GA/CT重复外,还得到GAGT重复序列。42条微卫星序列中,完美型31个(占73.8%),非完美型9个(占21.4%),混合型2个(占4.8%)。完美型的比例显著高于非完美型,这与其他真核生物微卫星序列的特征相一致。39条微卫星序列的重复次数大于10(占92.9%),其中,重复次数在10~19次之间的有27个,20次以上的有12个。筛选出的微卫星位点可为今后三疣梭子蟹遗传多样性评价、种群遗传结构鉴定及资源保护研究提供一套有用的分子标记。     

降解秸秆的细菌和放线菌的分离与筛选

用秸秆粉部分代替LB、高氏培养基中的碳源,通过延长培养时间从土样中分别富集降解秸秆的细菌、放线菌,用稀释倒平皿挑取单菌落法通过菌落形态差异分离出细菌29株、放线菌29株。用秸秆粉培养基定性鉴别法鉴别出其中有8株细菌、10株放线菌能降解秸秆。测试了硝酸铵、酵母粉和土壤浸液等添加物对能降解秸秆的细菌和放线菌在秸秆粉培养基上生长的影响。结果表明,酵母粉对细菌的生长具有明显促进作用,其他添加物对供试菌的生长影响较小。     

大气CO2浓度升高对黄花蒿生长和氮磷钾养分吸收的影响

Annual wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) is the only viable source of artemisinin, an antimalarial drug. There is a pressing need to optimize production per cultivated area of this important medicinal plant; however, the effect of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration on its growth is still unclear. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in a free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) facility in Yangzhou City, China. Two A. annua varieties, one wild and one cultivated, were grown under ambient (374 μmol mol^-1) and elevated (577 μmol mol^-1) CO₂ levels to determine the dry matter accumulation and macronutrient uptake of aerial parts. The results showed that stem and leaf yields of both A. annua varieties increased significantly under elevated CO₂ due to the enhanced photosynthesis rate. Although nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations in leaves and stems of both varieties decreased under elevated CO₂, total shoot N, P, and K uptake of the two varieties were enhanced and the ratios among the concentrations of these nutrients (N:P, N:K, and P:K) were not affected by elevated CO₂. Overall, our results provided the evidence that elevated CO₂ increased biomass and shoot macronutrient uptake of two A. annua varieties.     

Fatty acid utilization during the early larval stages of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

The pattern of conservation and loss of fatty acids from the yolk sac during the endogenous feeding period and subsequent starvation was studied in pompano and snook larvae. Fundamental information on the early fatty acid dynamic and mobilization of pompano and snook larvae was collected. In both species, fatty acids were utilized as an energy source after hatching. Mono‐unsaturated fatty acids were catabolized, while saturated and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids were conserved. High levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) in pompano and snook eggs, as well as selective retention in the unfed larvae suggest a high dietary requirement for this fatty acid during the early stages of larval development. The effect of an ARA supplementation was therefore investigated in snook larvae at the rotifer feeding stage. The fatty acid profile of the larvae was successfully influenced to match that of wild eggs; however, no significant improvement in growth or survival was observed. Future research should be carried out over a longer period of time and include factors related to stress resistance.     

基于芯片数据和整合分析研究奶牛乳房炎的关键通路

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛的常见病和多发病之一,给奶牛业带来巨大的经济损失,严重制约着奶牛业的发展。为了进一步了解乳房炎的调控机理,对已发表的5套大肠杆菌感染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的表达谱芯片数据统一进行预处理,并整合大肠杆菌感染1、6、24 h的基因富集分析,以期得到更可靠的影响奶牛乳房炎的关键基因和通路。结果发现,感染1、6和24 h数据集的分析结果中共同下调通路分别为9、30和17个,分析结果确定了一些奶牛乳房炎相关的通路及基因,为进一步揭示其调控机理提供参考。     

土壤侵蚀过程中的养分富集率研究综述

伴随土壤流失过程的养分流失普遍存在着富集现象并可用富集率来表示。富集率是进行非点源污染评价与预报的重要参数。国内外氮、磷富集率大小和计算方法的研究成果表明：氮富集率变化于0.99～8.17之间,主要集中在1.11～2.99之间,磷富集率变化于0.84～16.12之间,主要集中在1.26～7.17之间;氮磷富集率的估算方法可以分为6种,可分别用土壤侵蚀量、含沙量、土壤质地、土壤比表面积、泥沙输移比和某种组合来计算。文中系统比较和分析了这些方法,对养分富集率的选用和研究有参考意义。     

CO2浓度和抗药性对褐飞虱刺吸取食行为的影响

【目的】明确CO2浓度升高是否影响褐飞虱的取食行为以及抗药褐飞虱品系的刺吸行为是否与敏感品系存在差异,从而为预测CO2浓度升高条件下不同抗药性褐飞虱对水稻的致害性提供依据。【方法】采用刺吸电位技术（EPG）观察褐飞虱抗、感噻嗪酮品系（抗性水平相差约480倍）对当前（390 μL•L-1）和升高CO2浓度（780 μL•L-1）下生长水稻的口针刺吸行为,用双因素方差分析比较CO2浓度和抗药性2因素对口针刺吸显示的6种波形持续时间和频次的差异。【结果】CO2浓度加倍倾向于缩短感噻嗪酮褐飞虱在韧皮部摄取汁液的总时间,与抗药性互作显著影响开始刺探行为的频次：CO2浓度加倍条件下（780 μL•L-1）抗性褐飞虱开始刺探的频次低于当前CO2浓度下（390 μL•L-1）。抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱口针朝维管束移动和在木质部摄取汁液的时间延长,但在韧皮部内部活动的时间缩短;口针在韧皮部内部活动的频次增多,但在韧皮部和木质部摄取汁液的频次减少。【结论】抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱对水稻的致害性明显强于感噻嗪酮褐飞虱;CO2浓度升高可能使感噻嗪酮褐飞虱对水稻的致害性减弱,但对抗噻嗪酮褐飞虱没有显著影响。     

Nitrogen mineralization and nitrifier activity in limed and urea‐treated soils

Abstract

The effect of liming on mineralization and soil nitrifier activity (NA) was investigated with Brookston clay (pH 5.7) and Haldimand clay (pH 4.7). Liming increased the rate of mineralization in both soils but at a rate about 4‐times greater in Haldimand clay than Brookston clay. A significant increase in N mineralization due to liming occurred in both soils only when pH was raised above 6.0. The rate of mineralization was greater than nitrification in the Haldimand soil resulting in NH₄ ⁺ accumulation. Nitrifier activity increased with liming of Brookston clay, but decreased in Haldimand clay after 15 days of incubation. There was a significant increase in nitrifier activity due to liming from 15 to 60 days in Haldimand clay. After 60 days nitrifier activity in limed treatments increased by five times over the unlimed control.

The nitrification of urea powder (1000 mg N.kg^‐1) mixed into the soil was also studied in several soils incubated at 15°C for 28 days. There was evidence up to 14 days that nitrification of urea was correlated with initial nitrifier activity. Between 14 and 28 days, other factors such as soil pH and possible ammonia toxicity in coarser textured soils as well as nitrifier activity were important. Accumulation of nitrite occurred mainly in soils with a pH above 7.0 up to 28 days especially where nitrifier population enrichment was not done.     

硒在大庆市龙凤湿地环境-植物系统中的分配特征

为了解硒元素在大庆市龙凤湿地环境—植物系统中的分配特征,于2011年春季采集了龙凤湿地土壤、水、芦苇3种样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定其中硒含量,应用统计学方法分析了3者之间的关系。结果显示,龙凤湿地土壤硒含量均值介于129.63～142.18μg/kg,水硒含量在3.87～7.02μg/kg,芦苇根、茎、叶硒含量分别为50.17,18.29,和15.68μg/kg。经分析表明,土壤硒含量与芦苇硒含量之间存在显著正相关关系,并且芦苇对环境硒的富集能力较弱,属非富硒植物。     

Effects of Soybean Fortification on Protein Quality of Tortilla-Based Diets Produced from Regular and Quality Protein Maize

The physiological development of laboratory rats fed with a typical indigenous tortilla diet was studied for two generations. The experiment compared casein control diet and five different types of diets: (1) a diet of tortillas obtained from fresh masa (FM); (2) regular tortillas produced from enriched dry masa flour containing vitamins B₁, B₂, niacin, folic acid, and the microminerals iron and zinc (REDMF); (3) tortillas produced from enriched dry masa flour fortified with 6% defatted soybean meal (FEDMF); (4) tortillas produced from enriched quality protein maize flour (EQPM); and (5) and, tortillas produced from enriched quality protein maize flour fortified with 3% defatted soybean meal (FEQPM). The growth of rats fed FEDMF and FEQPM diets was significantly higher (P<0.05) in both generations than their counterparts fed EQPM, REDMF, or FM diet. Animals fed quality protein maize (QPM) tortilla had the highest protein digestibility, but the FEQPM and FEDMF diets had the highest biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU), and protein-digestibility-corrected EAA scores (PDCEAAS). The difference among treatments was more evident in the second-generation rats. The pregnancy rate, number of newborns/litter, litter weight, and newborn survival rate was also higher for rats fed FEDMF, EQPM, and FEQPM diets than their counterparts fed REDMF and FM.