围封对阿尔乡沙地植物群落和土壤养分的影响

通过调查科尔沁沙地南缘阿尔乡沙地围封前后植被特征因子和分析土壤养分含量得出:围封对植被覆盖率和物种多样性均有显著影响,其中对沙丘顶部影响最大;围封后流动沙地和半流动沙地的指示植物逐渐衰退,而固定沙地的指示植物逐渐增多;围封可显著提高0～10 cm土壤养分含量,但对11～30 cm的影响不明显。     

Outside enclosure and additional enrichment for dairy goats – a preliminary study

Background

Dairy goats are commonly housed at a space allowance of 0.7 – 0.8 m²/goat in commercial Norwegian goat herds, which is very low compared to regulations and recommendations in other European countries. One easy and cheap way to increase space allowance is to allow the animals’ access to outdoor area. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of access to an outside enclosure and environmental enrichment for dairy goats kept in slatted floor pens with low space allowance on their activity pattern and social behaviour.

Methods

A group of 82 dairy goats on a commercial Norwegian dairy farm were kept inside during the winter period from October to April. In April the goats were given access to an outside enclosure for 8 hours per day. After having access to the enclosure for another for two days, enrichment (branches) was provided, and after 19 days the enrichment were removed. The goats were observed for 5 hours per day for the two last days before they got access to the outside enclosure, the two days in the enclosure, the two first and the two last days with enrichment and for the following two days without enrichment by two trained observers.

Results

When allowed access to the enclosure, the goats spent nearly 50% of the time outside, and later the time spent outside was reduced to less than 40% (P < 0.0001), but there was no clear effect of enrichment. All the goats appeared to have a regular use of the enclosure. Time spent resting decreased 59.2% to only 25.2% when the goats first got access to the enclosure, but then started to increase again (P < 0.0001). Initially time spent exploring and chewing the branches was 20%, but this was reduced to around 12% in the last part of the ENRICH period (P < 0.0001). Number of aggressive interactions tended to increase when the goats were allowed access to the outdoor enclosure whereas play behaviour was only observed in the outside enclosure (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the goats preferred to use the outside enclosure when being active, and branches were perceived as an attractive enrichment.     

Like or dislike: Response of rodents to the odor of plant secondary metabolites

Rodents, including common voles (Microtus arvalis) and house mice (Mus musculus) cause immense pre‐harvest and post‐harvest losses. Therefore, developing methods that mitigate these losses while maintaining their role in ecosystems is a priority. Several plant secondary metabolites (PSM) which significantly reduce food intake of both species under laboratory conditions have been identified. However, before these can be used in rodent pest management, they must be tested under more natural conditions where other food sources are available. In this study, the odors of 4 PSMs were evaluated for their repellent effects in experiments conducted in semi‐natural enclosures. Soil treated with PSMs or untreated soil (experimental control) was placed in an underground box containing food (rolled oats). We quantified the number of visits to each box and could demonstrate that all 4 PSMs reduced the number of visits to treatment boxes in both rodent species. For common voles the combination of methyl nonyl ketone + black pepper oil was the most repellent PSM. House mice made fewer visits to all PSM boxes; boxes with the anthraquinone were visited least. Furthermore, house mice consumed less food from boxes containing soil treated with all 4 PSMs. Our results suggest that PSMs are repellent in murid and microtine rodents under semi‐field conditions. In addition, the future use of PSM odors for repelling both pest species, especially house mice, seems promising. Further investigations with other PSMs, different concentrations as well as alternative application methods are needed to repel common voles from attractive crops.     

短期围封对伊犁绢蒿荒漠群落特征 及植被多样性的影响

【目的】 研究伊犁绢蒿荒漠群落数量特征、多样性对短期围封的响应规律,为退化蒿类荒漠恢复与重建提供理论依据。【方法】 以伊犁绢蒿荒漠为研究对象,通过对群落盖度、高度、密度、生物量的野外测定,并计算群落Simpson(D)、Shannon-Wiener(H)、Pielou(J)及Margalef(P)指数,研究短期围封对荒漠群落特征及其多样性的影响。【结果】 围封后,群落高度、盖度和生物量分别显著增加了89.7%,153.9%,130.8%(P<0.05),而群落密度显著降低了19.8%(P<0.05)。(2)与围封区相比,放牧区的Simpson指数和Pielou指数显著高于围封区(P<0.05),Shannon-Wiener指数略高于围封区,而Margalef指数低于围封区,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】 围封已成为恢复及重建退化草地的最有效的措施,通过围封可以提高退化荒漠植被生物量,但植被多样性指数偏低,放牧降低丰富度指数。     

围封对内蒙古希拉穆仁草地物种多样性的影响

[目的]探究围封对内蒙古希拉穆仁草地物种多样性的影响,为围封对草原物种多样性影响的过程研究提供科学依据。[方法]通过调查、计算内蒙古希拉穆仁放牧草地与连续11 a围封草地的物种多样性,结合当地年降水量数据,分析放牧草地围封后物种多样性特征。[结果]围封后,冷蒿、轮叶委陵菜、达乌里芯芭、二裂委陵菜、星毛委陵菜年际波动较大;围封降低了希拉穆仁草地物种多样性,降水量较少年份(年降水量200 mm的2014年)Simpson,Shannon-Wiener和Pielous指数则刚好相反;围封后物种丰富度与年降水量相关系数减小。[结论]长期围封导致希拉穆仁草地物种多样性下降。在干旱气候环境下,围封能够一定程度地缓解气候变化对希拉穆仁草地物种多样性的影响。     

围封对科尔沁沙地榆树疏林土壤胞外酶和线虫群落的影响

为了探讨围封和放牧对沙地榆树疏林土壤环境的影响,以土壤胞外酶和线虫为指标,比较分析了对围封和放牧沙地榆树疏林生态系统内不同土层（0—20和20—50 cm）线虫营养类群、生活史类群、代谢足迹、胞外酶特征的影响。结果表明：围封样地内捕食/杂食线虫的相对丰富度和多度、cp2～4类群的相对丰富度和多度均显著高于放牧样地,且cp2～4类群的多度均表现为0—20 cm土层高于20—50 cm土层;围封和放牧处理、土层及交互作用对营养类群代谢足迹和生活史代谢足迹均有显著影响（P<0.05）,在同一处理中0—20 cm土层的代谢足迹均高于20—50 cm土层;围封样地内β-葡萄糖苷酶（βG）、β-木糖苷酶（βX）、N-乙酰葡糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）、酸性磷酸酶（AP）与放牧样地差别显著（P<0.05）;NAG和AP与各类代谢足迹均存在显著的正相关性,βG与植物寄生线虫代谢足迹、捕食/杂食线虫代谢足迹、富集代谢足迹、功能代谢足迹也存在显著的正相关关系（P<0.05）。因此,短期围封明显影响了0—20 cm土层的土壤线虫代谢足迹和部分土壤胞外酶含量,且线虫代谢足迹与胞...     

The influence of Verticillium dahliae and drought on potato crop growth. 1. effects on gas exchange and stomatal behaviour of individual leaves and crop canopies

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants cv.Saturna were subjected to infection withVerticillium dahliae and drought stress. At the early stages of growth, stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthesis were measured at light saturation (PAR>300 m^–2) on individual leaves and with mobile field equipment with the aid of field enclosures. No significant changes in stomatal conductance and gas exchange characteristics occurred as a result ofV. dahliae instomatal conductance, transpiration and and photosynthetic rates, especially on older leaves and on plants exposed to direct sunlight for a longer period of time. In combination with drought,V. dahliae only occasionally showed interaction; their effects being less than additive. High values of coefficients of variatoon necessitated a high number of measurements per treatment; the more so in the inoculated plants which shows thatV. dahliae seems to affect certain leaves while not affecting others early in growth. Crop photosynthesis was less reduced byV. dahliae than individual leaf photosynthesis due to the levelling effect of integration over the whole canopy and possibly through a stimulation of the top leaves. The upper non-affected leaves are responsible for the bulk of photosynthetic crop activity. The results indicate that following an infection withV. dahliae photosynthesis is reduced early in growth as a result of drought stress in the leaves.Samenvatting Aardappelplanten (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv.Saturna werden onderworpen aan stress als gevolg vanVerticillium dahliae en droogte. In vroege stadia van de groei werden stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese bij lichtverzadiging (PAR>300 W m^–2) gemeten aan individuele bladeren en met een mobiel instrumentarium met behulp van gewaskappen. Er werden geen significante verschillen gevonden in de waarden van de stomataire geleiding en de gasuitwisslingskarakteristieken als gevolg vanV. dahliae-besmetting tot een maand na opkomst. Daarna leidde infectie metV. dahliae tot een afname van de stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese, speciaal bij oudere bladeren en bij planten die meer aan zonlicht waren blootgesteld. Soms vertoondeV. dahliae interactie met droogte en bleken beide effecten minder dan optelbaar. De hoge waarden van de variatiecoëfficiënten maakten een groot aantal metingen per behandeling noodzakelijk; dit was vooral het geval bij metV. dahliae geïnfecteerde planten hetgeen aantoont datV. dahliae vooral in het begin van de groei niet alle bladeren in gelijke mate aantast. Door de matigende invloed van de integratie van alle bladlagen en mogelijk doordat de bovenste bladeren werden gestimuleerd, werd de totale gewasfotosynthese in mindere mate beïnvloed doorV. dahliae dan de individuele bladfotosynthese. De bovenste niet geïnfecteerde bladeren bleken verantwoordelijk voor het grootste gedeelte van de gewas-fotosynthese. De resultaten tonen aan, dat volgend op een infectie metV. dahliae, de fotosynthese reeds in een vroeg stadium van de groei wordt verminderd als een gevolg van droogtestress in de bladeren.     

浅淡封山育林在林业生态工程建设中的应用

从重新认识封山育林的理念出发，阐述了封山育林的概念。分析了封山育林的特点及封山育林对象。总结了按照培育目的和树种比例分为5种封育类型、3种封育方式。提出了封山育林的技术措施、组织措施。     

放牧和围封对藏北高寒草原紫花针茅群落生物量分配及碳、氮、磷储量的影响

草地围封工程是改善退化草原生态环境和促进牧区经济可持续发展的一项重大举措。以典型高寒草原紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)群落为研究对象,选取自由放牧、围封4年和围封8年3块样地,比较分析不同草地管理方式下群落生物量分配和碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)储量差异。结果表明,自由放牧、围封4年和围封8年的群落地上生物量分别为46.12、146.40和256.44 g·m-2,0-15 cm土层根系生物量分别为274.74、214.87和764.59g·m-2,15-30 cm土层根系生物量分别为17.80、17.56和31.64 g·m-2;围封显著促进了植被群落的增长(P0.05),其中对围封4年的优势种紫花针茅和青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)总生物量影响最显著(P0.05)。围封显著提高了植物群落地上部分C、N、P储量,其中围封8年样地营养元素储量最高(P0.05)。研究结果有助于揭示草地围封工程对藏北高寒草原紫花针茅群落物质分配的影响,为评估该区域退牧还草的生态效应提供了基础数据。