Effect of cinnamic acid on soil microbial characteristics in the cucumber rhizosphere

In order to elucidate the effect of allelochemicals on soil microbial characteristics in the cucumber rhizosphere, the soil microbial biomass and respiration, community functional diversity and RAPD marker diversity as affected by exogenous cinnamic acid were studied. Exogenous cinnamic acid increased soil microbial respiration and the metabolic quotient, but decreased soil microbial biomass-C. Soil microbial community functional diversity and genetic diversity (as indicated by RAPD markers) were also significantly altered by exogenous cinnamic acid. These results suggest that allelochemicals can change soil microbial genetic diversity, biological activity and microbial metabolic activity, which alter soil microbial ecology and accordingly affect the growth of cucumber with accumulation in the soil of allelochemicals.     

新疆蛇类的分布及生态特征

记述了新疆蛇类3科,7属,11种和亚种。对其分布、形态及食性、繁殖、行为等生态过程进行了初步观察。拟订分类检索系统。     

潼南县土地利用景观格局特征分析

以2000年土地利用类型图为主要数据源，借助地理信息系统工具，对潼南县土地利用景观格局进行景观斑块数、斑块形状、多样性、均匀度及破碎度计算、分析和对比，揭示研究区内土地结构的空间特征。结果表明潼南县以农业景观为背景，其土地利用斑块形状较单一，景观多样性低、异质性差，土地利用结构不合理。     

吉林市城市绿地系统规划研究

对改革开放以来 ,吉林市绿地发展历程和问题进行剖析 ,指出公园绿地数量少且分布不均、防护绿地缺乏、生产绿地不足、绿地布局和网络体系不完善是吉林市绿地系统存在的主要问题 .在此基础上 ,①确定了城市绿地规划总体控制指标 ,即到 2 0 10年吉林市城市绿地率为 5 1 31% ,人均绿地 4 2 6 2m2 ,人均公共绿地 5 6 7m2 .②给出了城市绿地空间布局的一般模式 ,该模式强调波状和辐射状分布态势相结合 ;环状绿地与楔型绿地相结合 ;各类分级绿地与游憩系统相结合 ,使城市形成整体的绿地网络系统 .③提出了 4条规划措施 :其一 ,增加公园绿地数量 ,促使均衡分布 ;其二 ,加强生产防护绿地建设 ;其三 ,营造楔形绿地、沿江绿地和道路绿地 ,构造水网、路网与绿网协调的绿地系统 ;其四 ,加强城市外缘大规模环状绿地建设 .最后 ,对该规划 10年来的实施效果进行了评价 .     

景观生态学原理与方法在荒漠化研究中应用的理论分析

荒漠化发生发展的过程实际上是指在自然和人为因素的作用下，生态系统结构遭受破坏、功能过程受阻和演变发生异化的过程，其防治的根本措施是恢复和重建健康的生态系统。所以，景观生态学理念在荒漠化的研究和防治中有着重要的意义。本文从荒漠化与生态系统结构、功能变化、荒漠化与生物多样性、荒漠化生态系统的物质循环和能量流动以及荒漠化生态系统的稳定性等方面论述了景观生态学理念在荒漠化研究中应用的可行性，并重点分析了景观生态学关于景观格局变化的评价指标与荒漠化土地动态变化之间的关系。     

Change in spatial characteristics of forest openings in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California,USA

Change in the spatial characteristics of forest openings was investigated in three forested watersheds in north-western Siskiyou County, California totalling approximately 24,600 hectares. Watersheds with minimal human disturbance were chosen for study. However, fire suppression has been pervasive throughout. Characteristics of forest openings (area, perimeter, distance between neighboring openings) were measured on aerial photographs taken 41 years apart. An index of regional form was determined for the landscape. Shape complexity for each opening was calculated using two indices based upon fractals. Significant differences were found using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test between the perimeters, areas, distance from sample point to nearest opening, and distance between neighboring openings. The perimeters and areas became smaller, and the distances from the sample point to the nearest opening and between neighboring openings became greater over the 41 years between aerial photo sets. The estimated area occupied by openings decreased from 25.8 % to 15.6 % of the study area. No significant difference was found in the shape of the openings except as the shape indices were influenced by changes in size of the openings.This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright.     

塔里木河下游生态输水对植物群落数量特征的影响

结合2002-2004年对塔里木河下游生态输水过程中5个断面固定植物群落样地的调查,运用群落数量分析法,分析了塔里木河下游植物群落对生态输水的响应.结果表明:在生态输水过程中,植被覆盖度普遍增加,草本植物覆盖度的增长率高于乔木和灌木;各断面乔木和草本植物的综合优势比普遍增加,但优势种的优势地位并没有改变,群落的类型没有变化;在整个研究区,物种的丰富度与均匀度仍很低.为提高输水生态效应,提出河道输水与面上供水相结合的输水方法和建立人工植被等建议.     

武夷山自然保护区植被景观类型空间关联性的多尺度效应

利用二元列联表和方差比率法,对福建省武夷山自然保护区植被景观斑块的空间关联性的多尺度效应进行了研究。结果表明：景观要素类型间的空间关联性的强弱是随着取样空间尺度变化而有所变化,不同的要素类型间关联性随空间尺度的变化的幅度也有所不同,对于该区域应在600 m×600 m空间尺度上研究较为合理;景观斑块的全局关联性在一级分类标准下是负相关,但在二级分类和三级分类标准下,呈现正相关性。     

Epidemiology theory and disturbance spread on landscapes

Abtract Epidemiology models, modified to include landscape pattern, are used to examine the relative importance of landscape geometry and disturbance dynamics in determining the spatial extent of a disturbance, such as a fire. The models indicate that, except for very small values for the probability of spread, a disturbance tends to propagate to all susceptible sites that can be reached. Therefore, spatial pattern, rather than disturbance dynamic, will ordinarily determine the total extent of a single disturbance event. The models also indicate that a single disturbance will seldom become endemic,i.e., always present on the landscape. However, increasing disturbance frequency can lead to a landscape in which the proportion of susceptible, disturbed, and recovering sites are relatively constant. Research supported by Ecological Research Division, Office of Health and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Contribution No. 10 to the Sevilleta LTER program. Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 3812, ORNL.     

Securing African forests for future drier climates: applying ecophysiology in tree improvement

Increasing incidences of drought-induced tree mortality are being recorded worldwide, including Africa. African forests cover a significant proportion of the continent, which implies that African forest sustainability is threatened from a climate-change perspective. This is especially problematic in a developing nation context, because forest ecosystems such as plantation forestry provide important goods and services that sustain human well-being and economic growth. Disentangling the likely triggers of tree mortality (including those linked to drought) in landscapes would not only explain the mechanisms underlying local die-offs, but also better predict future mortality events. Methods applied in the field of ecophysiology are particularly useful to study in situ plant responses to an environment. We consider the status quo of global peer-reviewed publication outputs during the past century that have made use of key ecophysiological research approaches, specifically studies concerning ‘tree xylem anatomy’, ‘tree xylem cavitation’, ‘tree leaf gas-exchange’ and ‘tree xylem hydraulic conductivity’. We highlight the growth and applicability of this research field in understanding tree ecology. We also assess the role that the forestry sector has had in promoting such research to ensure future-proof forest products. Most importantly, we consider how Africa with its vast forested landscapes fits within this research spectrum. The last decade saw an increase of up to 60% in the total number of articles published, particularly with a focus on tree xylem cavitation and conductivity. Although forest research contributed greatly to the global tally of ecophysiological studies, and such studies in Africa have also increased by up to 88% in the past decade, there remains a general lack of this research topic in the continent. It is clear an optimisation of applied ecophysiological concepts and techniques will promote an improved understanding of tree mortality patterns. We argue that ecophysiological data will be crucial to future-proof tree improvement strategies in African commodity production landscapes, especially given future drier climates.