云南岩溶地区石漠化生态恢复的思路

云南岩溶面积达11.09万km2,占全省国土面积的28.14%,是西南地区岩溶集中分布区,岩溶石漠化面积已达2.15万km2.分析云南岩溶的分布,以及岩溶地区生态脆弱给当地人民带来生产、生活的生态危机,并结合云南石漠化治理的成功经验,提出岩溶地区生态恢复的思路.     

南京主要滨河绿地植物群落的调查

应用群落生态学方法,对南京紫霞湖、前湖、护城河与玄武湖滨河绿地植物群落的外貌、组成与结构等进行了调查。结果表明,5个绿地主要以阔叶落叶树种为主,缺少常绿树种的运用;群落结构不甚合理,乔木层相对丰富,而低矮灌木及地被层种类和数量相对缺少;人工绿地过于注重观赏品种的运用,而忽视耐水湿性种。作者认为,应结合地形和环境,合理地把握植物耐水湿性与观赏性,创造有地域特色的滨河植物景观,达到自然景观与人工景观的统一;可适当增补一些观赏性好的适生树种,提高植物景观多样性,营造城市滨河生态廊道,使其成为城市绿地系统中的组成部分。     

退耕坡地系统生态综合评价中几个景观生态学问题

退耕坡地系统属于退化土地生态系统,大部分是毁林(草)开荒形成的,是人为加速了自然生态系统的逆行演替而形成的低产脆弱的生态系统。对退化生态系统进行综合整治与恢复,以及人工生态系统的重建的理论基础是生态演替和人为设计理论。退耕还林(草)是通过一定的社会物质和能量的投入定向加速景观生态系统的演替过程。评价退耕地的生态经济效益是退耕还林(草)工程的重要组成部分,重点评定项目是否实现预期目标、项目的产出、效果和影响。本文应用景观生态学的理论:景观尺度与等级理论、景观空间格局与异质性理论、景观演化与干扰理论探讨了退耕地生态评价的内容、方法和应注意的问题,从而为退耕还林(草)工程的顺利进行提供有力的保障。     

须弥红豆杉的研究进展

对须弥红豆杉的栽培育种、组织与细胞培养、植物化学、种群生物学与遗传多样性、生殖生态学以及资源保护等方面的研究进展进行综述,提出今后在不同海拔及气候类型下开展须弥红豆杉幼苗形态可塑性及其他方面研究的设想.     

Using fishers' anecdotes, naturalists' observations and grey literature to reassess marine species at risk: the case of the Gulf grouper in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Designing fishing policies without knowledge of past levels of target species abundance is a dangerous omission for fisheries management. However, as fisheries monitoring started long after exploitation of many species began, this is a difficult issue to address. Here we show how the ‘shifting baseline’ syndrome can affect the stock assessment of a vulnerable species by masking real population trends and thereby put marine animals at serious risk. Current fishery data suggest that landings of the large Gulf grouper (Mycteroperca jordani, Serranidae) are increasing in the Gulf of California. However, reviews of historical evidence, naturalists’ observations and a systematic documentation of fishers’ perceptions of trends in the abundance of this species indicate that it has dramatically declined. The heyday for the Gulf grouper fishery occurred prior to the 1970s, after which abundance dropped rapidly, probably falling to a few percent of former numbers. This decline happened long before fishery statistics were formally developed. We use the case of the Gulf grouper to illustrate how other vulnerable tropical and semi‐tropical fish and shellfish species around the world may be facing the same fate as the Gulf grouper. In accordance with other recent studies, we recommend using historical tools as part of a broad data‐gathering approach to assess the conservation status of marine species that are vulnerable to over‐exploitation.     

Using knowledge of behaviour and optic physiology to improve fish passage through culverts

Culverts reduce connectivity for aquatic animals by being both a hydraulic and physical barrier. However, altered light intensity may also be a behavioural barrier to fish movement, especially for diurnal species that have adapted to moving when it is light. We propose that knowledge of optical physiology and fish behaviour, two important mechanisms underpinning movement, can inform efforts to improve fish movement through culverts. We firstly review the sensory systems of fish with reference to visual sense and explore how this affects fish movement. We then highlight theoretical knowledge that can help us understand fish behaviour and the potential mismatch between the conditions under which fish have evolved and altered conditions within culverts. We describe potential knowledge gaps and directions for future research to improve our understanding of how culverts may affect fish movement. Finally, we explore the potential costs and ecological benefits of different mitigation options to identify those with the most promise for managing the light environment in culverts to facilitate movement. For researchers and managers exploring this subject, we suggest an approach that: (a) identifies light requirements for movement by different species, (b) tests movement under different light conditions and (c) considers an integrative assessment method for testing fish behaviour around culverts. Understanding how optical physiology, fish behaviour and culvert design influence fish movement can improve connectivity for a range of species.     

菱湖鱼病工作站: 现代科学改造中国传统养鱼业的序曲

寄生虫是水产养殖中最主要的病原类群之一,对鱼类苗种直至成鱼各个阶段的危害都十分严重。我国的鱼病学即是从鱼类寄生虫的研究发端并逐步发展起来的。本文从病原生物学、生态学、药物学、免疫学四个方面回顾了我国淡水鱼类寄生虫自新中国建立初期至今70年间 (1953年—2023年)的研究历程和已取得的成绩,并对未来的发展趋势和前沿热点进行了展望。本文为从事鱼类寄生虫学以及水产其他相关研究的读者提供了关于中国鱼类寄生虫研究的历史、现在发展水平和未来发展动向等较为全面的素材。

     

Turbine entrainment and passage of potadromous fish through hydropower dams: Developing conceptual frameworks and metrics for moving beyond turbine passage mortality

Potadromous fishes are vulnerable to involuntary entrainment through hydropower turbines. However, turbines can also provide a downstream passage route for potadromous fish. Here, we review evidence for turbine entrainment and passage in potadromous fish, and evaluate the effects of these processes on upstream and downstream populations. We develop conceptual frameworks and metrics to quantify vulnerability to turbine entrainment removals, and to quantify the efficiency of turbines as a downstream passage route. We highlight factors that influence these processes and provide case‐studies demonstrating their applicability. We found that juvenile potadromous fish are being entrained through turbines at rates high enough to impact upstream populations. Given that juvenile passage survival is often high, we argue that turbines provide an important downstream passage route for potadromous fish. We show that entrainment vulnerability is likely a function of interactions between in‐reservoir fish behaviour, habitat configuration and operations and thus not well captured by passage mortality estimates. Similarly, we show that while passage mortality can limit downstream passage efficiency, passage success is also dependent on reservoir and forebay navigation, along with survival and fitness in the downstream river. We advocate for a shift in focus away from estimates of passage mortality and injury, which have previously accounted for the majority of turbine passage research. Instead, we recommend an approach that focusses on quantification of the factors that influence downstream passage efficiency and entrainment vulnerability. Moreover, we highlight the need to better understand the broader scale impacts of these events on upstream and downstream populations.     

Global-scale genetic structure of a cosmopolitan cold-water coral species

• 1. When considering widely distributed marine organisms with low dispersal capabilities, there is often an implication that the distribution of cosmopolitan species is an artefact of taxonomy, constrained by the absence of characters for delimiting either sibling or cryptic species. Few studies have assessed the relationship among populations across the global range of the species' distribution, and the presence of oceanographic barriers that might influence gene flow among populations are underestimated.
• 2. In this study, evolutionary and ecological drivers of connectivity patterns have been inferred among populations of the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus, a common and widespread solitary scleractinian species, whose reproduction strategy and larval dispersal are still poorly unknown.
• 3. The genetic structure of D. dianthus was explored using 30 microsatellites in 347 specimens from 13 localities distributed in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
• 4. Results clearly reveal genetically differentiated populations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (F_ST = 0.16, F_SC = 0.01, F_CT = 0.15, P-values highly significant), and Chilean and New Zealand populations with independent genetic profiles.
• 5. Marine connectivity patterns at different spatial scales are discussed to characterize larval dispersal and gene flow through the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

     

道路的生态学影响域范围研究进展

道路建设在促进社会经济发展、方便人们生活的同时,也带来了环境污染、动植物栖息地破碎等严重的生态学后果,道路生态学随之成为生态学研究的重要前沿领域之一。20世纪90年代,道路生态学的研究重点转移到道路的生态学影响域等相关领域,包括生态学影响范围、类型及其形态、格局等。大量研究表明,道路对周边动植物等生物因子以及周围环境中土壤、水分和空气成分等生态因子的影响范围各不相同,道路生态学影响域的范围随着道路的利用率以及各生态因子种类及其变化特点而有所不同。在综述国内外学者对道路生态学影响域范围研究结果的基础上,建议中国应开展道路生态学影响域的综合研究,并将研究成果应用于道路规划的实践中,推动国内道路生态学研究的发展。参58