罗布麻生态特征与产业化研究进展

本文分析了罗布麻耐旱、耐盐、耐冻、耐高温、抗风沙等生态特征，概述了罗布麻植物学、生态学、纤维学、生物化学和药物学等方面的研究现状，提出了罗布麻多功能产业化的研究和实践的新建议。     

基于Ecopath模型的海州湾三疣梭子蟹增殖生态容量研究

为科学开展生态型增殖放流,对海州湾海域三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)开展生态容量评估。根据2018-2019年海州湾渔业资源调查数据,构建了由20个功能群组成的海州湾生态系统Ecopath模型,并对模型进行了不确定性及参数敏感性分析检验,系统分析了生态系统的总体特征、功能群间的营养关系和关键功能群,并评估了三疣梭子蟹的增殖生态容量。结果表明,Ecopath模型可信度Pedigree指数为0.482。三疣梭子蟹目前不是海州湾生态系统的关键功能群,其他底层鱼类、软体动物(Molluscs)以及底栖甲壳类(Benthic crustaceans)是海州湾生态系统的关键功能群。三疣梭子蟹生物量的增加对棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)以及其他中上层鱼类产生正影响,对底层鱼类以及小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)产生负影响;虾虎鱼科(Gobiidae)、口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)生物量的增加对三疣梭子蟹有较大负影响,多毛类(Polychaetes)生物量的增加对三疣梭子蟹有较大正影响。三疣梭子蟹的增殖...     

Herd-level factors associated with isolation of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms II. Salmonella shedding in calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between herd-level factors and the isolation of Salmonella in calves from dairy farms in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and New York. Study farms were 129 conventional and organic farms enrolled without regard to previous history of Salmonella infection. Herds were sampled at 2-month intervals over a 1-year period. Salmonella was isolated in fecal samples from 176 (3.8%) of 4673 preweaned calves with 40 (31.0%) of 129 farms having at least one positive calf sample over the course of the study. Multivariable logistic regression using the generalized estimating equations approach was used to evaluate risk factors for Salmonella shedding after adjustment for effects of herd size, season, state of origin and the multiple sampling occasions per herd. Factors retained in the final model that were associated with an increased odds for Salmonella shedding were lack of routine feeding of milk replacer containing antimicrobials to preweaned calves (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.4, 5.8), use of maternity housing as a hospital area for sick cows more than once a month (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1, 4.0), and cow prevalence level by visit, categorized into the following four-levels: ≥20% (OR = 11.6, 95% CI: 5.7, 23.7), 10–19.9% (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 2.0, 11.5), 0.1–9.9% (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.5, 8.7) and 0% (reference level). Herd size was not associated with Salmonella shedding in the final multivariable model.     

栖霞市苹果园氮磷养分平衡及环境风险评价

栖霞市是中国最主要的苹果产区之一,近年来果园单位面积养分的大量投入造成了区域氮、磷元素的过量富集,进而对当地的土壤、水资源、大气等环境要素造成一定的污染。因此,了解苹果主产区施肥现状,并科学评价其环境风险具有重要的现实意义。以栖霞市为研究区域,通过实地调研、田间试验、室内模拟等方法,分析了苹果园氮磷养分的输入量及输出量,进而构建养分平衡模型,对区域环境风险进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:1)2018年栖霞市苹果园养分投入量为:有机质5360.28 kg/hm^2,N 545 kg/hm^2,P2O5568.76 kg/hm^2,K2O 712.57 kg/hm^2;2)氮素的气态损失、果实及枝条带走量各占输入总量的6.49%、24.34%、3.12%,盈余率达66.04%(402.97 kg/hm^2);磷素被果实和枝条带走量分别占输入总量的12.33%和2.55%,盈余率达85.12%(484.75 kg/hm^2);栖霞市氮、磷盈余量均超出环境安全的阈值,分别属于中风险和高风险范围。因此,在保证果园产量与品质的前提下,适当减少化肥使用量、逐步建立水肥一体化的果园施肥模式、提升果农科学的管理经验,应成为果园可持续发展的主攻方向。     

基于TOPSIS模型的山东省土地生态安全评价

土地生态安全评价对实现区域土地生态系统的安全性和可持续性具有重要意义。以山东省为研究区域,基于PSR框架模型的发展,构建了一套评价指标体系。采用熵权赋权法确定权重,运用TOPSIS法对该区域2005-2014年的土地生态安全综合指数进行了计算。结果表明,山东省土地生态安全状况处于波动上升趋势,土地生态安全综合指数由2005年的0.388 9上升到2014年的0.614 2,安全等级由较不安全上升到较安全状态。该研究可为了解山东省土地生态安全现状、制定土地生态安全规划管理等提供依据。     

Suggestions on Forest Ecological Compensation—Taking Mudanjiang City as an Example

The forest ecological compensation is an important factor to balance the interests of different areas for sustainable development and environment protection. Mudanjiang City in Heilongjiang Province of...     

Disease risk perception and diversity of management strategies by farmers: The case of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on water yams (Dioscorea alata) in Guadeloupe

Disease perception and adequate management practices are two essential issues faced by farmers, especially in the current context of climate change which may potentially increase disease risk. We investigated the diversity of water yam cropping systems in Guadeloupe through interviews, how producers and international yam research scientists perceived anthracnose, and how this perception correlated with farmers’ risk management strategies. We found that disease perception by farmers is very close to perception by international yam experts, as both have the same perception of the hierarchy of factors translating into disease. Three different yam production strategies coexist at a local scale, where agronomic practices and socio-economic profiles are distinct and consistent with attitude toward anthracnose risk management. Six factors were perceived as decreasing the disease: associated crop species; crop rotation; staking; weeding; crop monitoring and varietal admixture. Yam producers raising crops more intensively were risk prone, while others usually sought practices to manage disease appearance and spread. Both cumulative risk and past anthracnose epidemic experiences translated into heavier reliance on chemicals. These results have practical implications for designing best yam crop management systems and control of yam anthracnose.     

Economic performance and comparative riskiness of different management practices for control of botrytis fruit rot in florida strawberry

Florida strawberry farmers usually rely on weekly calendar fungicide applications to prevent yield loss from Botrytis fruit rot (BFR). The Strawberry Advisory System (SAS), which helps optimize the timing of fungicide applications, is an additional tool in the farmers' arsenal of disease control options. This study uses data from two-year production trials in Florida combined with historical strawberry prices to measure the economic performance of the Calendar and SAS-based BFR management practices under output price risk and producers' risk preferences. We use Monte Carlo simulation to model the effect of the variability in weekly output prices on farm returns. Results reveal that the traditional calendar-based system is not the least risky BFR management option as growers expected to be. SAS-based options such as SAS-Switch and SAS-Luna would be preferred by both risk-neutral and risk-averse producers and are recommended under high disease pressure conditions.     

亚龙湾海域生态旅游及环境保护

从地理位置、水质及沉积物、红树林、珊瑚礁海岸等方面介绍亚龙湾生态自然环境特点,分析其生态旅游发展现状、形式及成效,提出对亚龙湾生态环境保护的建议。     

广东新农村建设的现状分析与发展对策

针对广东新农村建设存在的规划滞后、资源浪费、污染严重、社会管理水平低、环保意识薄弱等问题,提出用生态文明理念引领新农村建设以及建设广东生态文明新农村的对策。