吉林省部分地区鸡源大肠杆菌耐药性监测

以吉林省部分地区临床分离的43株鸡源大肠杆菌为研究对象,采用常规的药敏试验方法,对其耐药性进行监测。结果表明:吉林省部分地区鸡源大肠杆菌普遍耐药,耐药菌株大多数为多重联合耐药。本研究所采用的15种抗生素中,抑菌作用最强的是兽医临床上尚未使用的头孢唑啉和丁胺卡那霉素,其次为头孢哌酮和卡那霉素;大肠杆菌对四环素、氨苄青霉素、青霉素等药物表现出100%的耐药性。     

To pool or not to pool? Guidelines for pooling samples for use in surveillance testing of infectious diseases in aquatic animals

Samples from multiple animals may be pooled and tested to reduce costs of surveillance for infectious agents in aquatic animal populations. The primary advantage of pooling is increased population‐level coverage when prevalence is low (<10%) and the number of tests is fixed, because of increased likelihood of including target analyte from at least one infected animal in a tested pool. Important questions and a priori design considerations need to be addressed. Unfortunately, pooling recommendations in disease‐specific chapters of the 2018 OIE Aquatic Manual are incomplete and, except for amphibian chytrid fungus, are not supported by peer‐reviewed research. A systematic review identified only 12 peer‐reviewed aquatic diagnostic accuracy and surveillance studies using pooled samples. No clear patterns for pooling methods and characteristics were evident across reviewed studies, although most authors agreed there is a negative effect on detection. Therefore, our purpose was to review pooling procedures used in published aquatic infectious disease research, present evidence‐based guidelines, and provide simulated data examples for white spot syndrome virus in shrimp. A decision tree of pooling guidelines was developed for use by peer‐reviewed journals and research institutions for the design, statistical analysis and reporting of comparative accuracy studies of individual and pooled tests for surveillance purposes.     

Color vision, spectral sensitivity, accommodation, and visual acuity in juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou

ABSTRACT:   Color vision, spectral sensitivity, accommodation, and visual acuity were examined in juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou to obtain fundamental information about the visual system. Two types of S-potentials were recorded from 415 horizontal cells in isolated retinas from 34 cultured freshwater masu salmon (114–219 mm standard length, SL). Although horizontal cells recording S-potentials were not identified, the horizontal cells were confirmed because their responses were maintained while the stimulus remained. The variety of chromaticity (C)-type S-potentials indicated well-developed color vision. The analysis of the luminosity (L)-type S-potentials indicated that the peak spectral sensitivity was at 522 nm. S-potentials were also recorded in response to ultraviolet light. The direction and extent of lens movement induced by electrical stimulation was measured in 12 cultured masu salmon (99.0–142.5 mm SL). The results indicated that the visual axis was upward and forward, and that the range of accommodation was from 0.79 × SL in front of the eye to infinity. In histological analysis of the retinas of five wild smolts (100–118 mm SL), the maximum cone densities (276–345 cones/0.01 mm²) were detected in the ventral to temporal regions. The visual acuities assessed by histological methods were 0.069–0.075.     

加州鲈迟缓爱德华氏菌病的检测和防治

以江苏省吴江市八坼镇区域养殖场加州鲈鱼病鱼的细菌性病原体为研究对象。通过分离纯化,形态学观察,结合16S rRNA基因序列同源性检索,对该病原菌进行初步判断。同时进行药敏实验,了解该病原菌对各种抗生素的耐药性和敏感程度。研究结果:分离纯化得到2株纯菌株L2F和L2P2,革兰染色均呈红色,阴性杆状菌。16S rDNA序列分析,L2F和L2P2菌株与迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)的同源性达99%。初步判断该菌为迟缓爱德华氏菌。药敏实验结果,该菌对磺胺异恶唑、链霉素和利福平等药物不敏感或耐药,对左氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、强力霉素、氟苯尼考、头孢哌酮相对敏感。     

Chitosan as a wall material for a microencapsulated delivery system for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larvae

Chitosan has been widely accepted as a wall material for preparing microcapsules of various purposes in human medicine. The possibility of using chitosan as a wall material for microencapsulating nutrients and drugs for aquaculture purposes, specifically to Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae was evaluated in this study. Two types of chitosan-coated microcapsules were prepared using either acetone (MEC-A) or NaOH (MEC-N) as the cross-linking agents. They were compared with a microbound diet relative to total leaching of nutrients and free amino acids (FAA). Among the microcapsules, MEC-N showed the lowest level of total leaching of nutrients (23.3%) during 5 h of immersion in seawater and released 65% FAA after 60 min. During laboratory trials, 75% larvae had accepted the MEC-N capsule. The results of the study suggest that chitosan can be used as a wall material for preparing microcapsules to deliver drugs and nutrients to M. rosenbergii larvae.     

浙北稻麦连作区稻田糠稷发生对水稻生长的影响及对除草剂敏感性研究

调研了浙北稻麦连作区稻田糠稷发生及分布状况,并考察了糠稷种子萌发特性和对水稻生长的影响及植株对不同除草剂的敏感性,旨在为有效防治糠稷提供参考.结果 表明,糠稷在浙北稻麦连作区直播田发生的相对优势度在0～2.8％、机插田发生的相对优势度在0～3.6％;糠稷种子在光照条件下才能萌发,光照36℃(12 h)/黑暗28℃(12...     

The effect of bentonite concentration on the drug delivery efficacy of a pH-sensitive alginate/bentonite hydrogel

We produced a protein loaded, pH-sensitive alginate-bentonite hydrogel for wound dressings. Alginate is a nontoxic polysaccharide with favorable pH-sensitive properties that make it useful for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs. However, the use of alginate for drug delivery is limited by drug leaching and rapid dissolution of alginate at the higher pH, which may result in lower entrapment efficiency and a burst in the release of entrapped protein drugs. To overcome these problems, we created a novel cross-linked alginate-bentonite hydrogel by combining mineral-rich bentonite with the alginate matrix along with an additive to ensure controlled release. We analyzed the gel in the drug loading process in an aqueous environment by looking at the release profiles of a model protein drug (BSA) from the hydrogel at pH values of 4.5, 5.2 (skin area) and 7.4, 9.2 (wound area). The swelling ratio decreased with bentonite concentration, but did not fall below 6. The rate of drug release was slowest at a pH value of 4.5 and fastest at a pH value of 9.2. The rate of drug release decreased with bentonite concentration. The presence of bentonite prevents the rapid dissolution of alginate at the higher pH, ensuring the controlled release of the entrapped drug.     

我国部分早籼品种及杂交早籼骨干亲本抽穗期遗传分析

设置长、短日照和高、低温4种环境,分析了我国长江中下游和华南地区早籼水稻品种和杂交早籼骨干亲本共19份材料的抽穗期光温敏感性及基本营养生长性。结果表明,这19份早籼材料(包括杂交稻亲本)都表现出弱感光性,其中16份材料对温度比较敏感。这些早籼材料的基本营养生长性整体较弱,但是个体间表现出一定的差异。抽穗期长短与每个材料的基本营养生长性呈显著线性相关。利用一套抽穗期主基因近等基因系对这些早籼材料抽穗期基因型进行了分析。结果表明,所有早籼材料均带有隐性非感光位点hd2,大多数早籼材料都带有显性早熟基因Ef-1,而在Se-1和E1两个主效感光基因位点,所有早籼材料不带或只带有一个感光等位基因。这些结果从基因型角度揭示了早籼材料具有弱感光性和较强感温性,是其适合在我国华南双季稻作区和华中单双季稻作区作早稻种植的原因,为早籼水稻品种的选育及推广提供了重要依据。     

基于GIS的慈溪市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

[目的]对影响浙江省慈溪市土壤侵蚀敏感性的各因素进行评价,为该市进行环境功能区划和各项水土保持措施工程的布局调整提供参考。[方法]借鉴土壤侵蚀流失USLE模型,选取降雨侵蚀力、土壤质地、植被覆盖和地形起伏度4因子构建土壤侵蚀敏感性评价体系,并运用GIS进行土壤侵蚀敏感性分析。[结果]慈溪市土壤侵蚀敏感性在空间格局上呈半圆环状结构分布,并且轻度敏感区面积为733.05km2,占比高达75.70%,广泛分布于平原乡镇地区;不敏感区主要分布于近海滩涂区域,极敏感、高度敏感及中度敏感区则位于南部的丘陵、山地地区。[结论]慈溪市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价结果与水土流失现状空间分布走势大致相符,为此应重视和预防水土保持工作。     

基于水土流失敏感性的岩溶地区景观生态风险评价——以黔南州为例

为揭示岩溶地区水土流失与生态格局的相关性,分析水土流失敏感性背景下景观生态风险的空间特征。以黔南州为研究对象,融合RUSLE模型和ERI评价方法,在分析水土流失敏感性的基础上,对县域尺度的景观生态风险进行了定量化评价。结果表明:（1） 黔南州水土流失敏感性以中度、轻度和低敏感区为主,其总面积为22 974.42 km²,比重达88.86%,但重度、极度敏感区面积仅占11.14%,且降水侵蚀力、地表起伏度和石漠化等级的空间相关性高。（2） 低生态风险区主要由水土流失轻度、不敏感区构成,耕地面积比重大（72.07%）,高生态风险区则以中度、重度敏感区为主,且建设用地面积比重大,说明水土流失敏感性就越高,则区域生态风险越高。上述研究表明,从水土流失敏感性的角度评价景观生态风险,融合了景观格局和水土流失状况等信息,不仅丰富了区域生态风险评价方法,也为区域生态保护与修复提供了决策依据。