喷雾参数间互作效应对农药雾滴飘移的影响

为了了解喷雾参数间互作效应对农药雾滴飘移的影响.建立了风速调节是0~6 m/s的低速风洞,采用碳纤维棒收集垂直方向和水平方向上含荧光素钠的雾滴,由荧光分光光度计测定了收集杆上的荧光素钠的含量,利用SPSS软件进行分析.结果发现：雾滴飘移沉积与喷头类型、压力、喷雾介质、风速密切相关,影响雾滴飘移沉积的喷头结构参数和操作技术参数因素次序依次为风速、喷头类型、喷雾介质、压力.喷雾参数之间存在互作效应,喷雾介质与喷头类型、风速与喷头类型、风速与喷雾介质、喷雾介质与喷头类型与风速之间的互作效应较显著,其余喷雾参数之间的互作效应不显著.随着垂直高度和水平距离的增加,雾滴的沉积减少,随着喷雾压力和风速的增大,雾滴飘失严重,为了减少飘移,在实际田间喷雾作业时,要注重风速的选择.防飘移助剂 Greenwet 720有效的控制了雾滴的飘移沉积,表面活性剂Greenwet X-100增大了雾滴的飘移沉积.研究喷雾参数对雾滴飘移的互作效应的机理能减少雾滴飘移,提高施药的作业效率、增强病虫害防治效果、减少环境污染,对农业生产具有重要的理论和现实意义.     

Invertebrate drift densities in the Njoro and Kamweti Rivers in the Kenyan highlands that differ in the level of anthropogenic disturbances

Invertebrate drift is one of several fundamental ecological processes in streams. However, little is known about the dynamics of invertebrate drift in Kenyan streams. In this study, we assessed invertebrate drift in two rivers, i.e. Njoro and Kamweti, that differ in the level of anthropogenic disturbances, between February and March, 2016. The aim was to evaluate the effect of river sampling duration (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min) and sampling period (day or night) on invertebrate drift densities. The 5-minute sampling period resulted in significantly higher mean drift densities than the other time intervals in both rivers. The highest mean drift density (2.0 ± 0.9 individuals m^?3) was recorded at the Njoro River during the day, whereas the lowest drift density (0.3 ± 0.2 individuals m^?3) was recorded at the Kamweti River during the day. A strong nocturnal drift pattern was noted at the less disturbed river (Kamweti). The present results suggest that anthropogenic perturbations influence invertebrate drift densities, and sampling duration and sampling period are important factors to consider when sampling invertebrate drift.     

Lattice Drift Technic of the Single Integral of Matrix Function and its Applications

We have set up the lattice drift technic of the single integral of matrix function and expounded in detail its special mathematical meaning; and appied this technic in the lattice calculation of the general rotation operator matrix for the quantum system in discrete bases, and using the results obtained, we calculate the evolution ratio of the probabitity distribution for the two-dimensional superposition states under the action of a general rotation operator.     

Genetic differentiation among Atlantic salmon reared in sea‐cages reveals a non‐random distribution of genetic material from a breeding programme to commercial production

Seven samples, each consisting of approximately 50 Atlantic salmon, were collected from five marine farms in Norway. These farms reported to rear fish originating from the same commercial breed; however, all samples followed a unique route of production from breeder to marine farm via egg, fry and smolt producers. A group of farmed escapees (n=50) were also captured. Following genotyping with 18 microsatellite loci, the global F_ST was 0.083, and pair‐wise values were as high as 0.158. Four clusters, with varying degrees of genetic differentiation, were identified among samples from the farms, and the source of the escapees was identified successfully. It is suggested that the genetic differences observed among samples from the farms were created through the process of genetic drift, facilitated by parallel sub‐strains, extensive within‐strain selection and low to moderate numbers of adults contributing to batches of eggs. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that genetic identification of escaped Atlantic salmon, back to the farm of origin, may be possible even when farms rear fish reported to originate from a single breeder.     

凡纳滨对虾引进群体和2个养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用8个微卫星标记对引进的SPF凡纳滨对虾G0和两个养殖群体(G1,G2)进行遗传多样性分析。8个座位共获得64个等位基因,位点的等位基因数在5~l3之间。多态信息含量PIC在0.405 2~0.869 3之间,其中有6个位点为高度多态位点,适合于多态性分析。8个座位丢失的和新产生的等位基因共30个,占总数的47%。3个群体的平均观测杂合度分别为0.193 8、0.196 1、0.232 5,说明3个群体的遗传多样性较低。对近交系数Fis分析显示3个群体中存在近交,通过对哈迪温伯格平衡检验,显示所有座位均显著偏离平衡,存在杂合子缺失。通过配对Fst和Ne i遗传距离分析,显示3个群体之间有明显的遗传分化,说明种群结构发生了明显的遗传变异,变异可能来自于突变、随机漂变和选择的共同作用。实验结果能够很好地解释经过若干群体选育后,子代群体发生种质退化的现状,由此建议综合采用遗传育种的方法从引进的亲虾中筛选出性状优良稳定的仔虾作为虾苗。     

Interactions of baseflow habitat constraints: Macroinvertebrate drift,stream temperature,and physical habitat for anadromous salmon in the Calapooia River,Oregon

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Sex change and the genetic structure of marine fish populations

The interaction between environmental forces and dispersal characteristics is largely responsible for the patterns of population structure in marine fish. Yet, crucial gaps in knowledge on life-histories and the relative contributions of numerous environmental factors still hinder a thorough understanding of marine population connectivity. One life-history trait so far overlooked by most fish population geneticists is sequential hermaphroditism, whereby individuals first mature as one sex and later in life reverse into the other sex. Population genetic theory predicts that sex-changing fish will present a higher potential for more spatially structured populations than gonochoristic species, as a result of their naturally skewed sex ratio, which is expected to reduce effective population size and hence increase genetic drift. We gathered published data on genetic population structure in marine fish, as summarized by the popular F _ST index, and – after controlling for several potentially confounding factors – we tested the hypothesis that sex-changing species are more genetically structured than gonochoristic ones. Although we found no evidence to support the theoretical expectations, our results suggest new working hypotheses that can stimulate new research avenues at the intersection between physiology, genetics and fisheries science.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) spawning in the eastern Bering Sea inferred from egg and larval distributions

Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma (pollock hereafter) is a key ecological and economic species in the eastern Bering Sea, yet detailed synthesis of the spatial and temporal patterns of pollock ichthyoplankton in this important region is lacking. This knowledge gap is particularly severe considering that egg and larval distribution are essential to reconstructing spawning locations and early life stages drift pathways. We used 19 yr of ichthyoplankton collections to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of egg and larval distribution. Generalized additive models (GAMs) identified two primary temporal pulses of pollock eggs, the first occurring from 20 February to 31 March and the second from 20 April to 20 May; larvae showed similar, but slightly lagged, pulses. Based on generalized cross‐validation and information theory, a GAM model that allowed for different seasonal patterns in egg density within three unique areas outperformed a GAM that assumed a single fixed seasonal pattern across the entire eastern Bering Sea. This ‘area‐dependent’ GAM predicted the highest densities of eggs (i.e., potential spawning locations) in three major areas of the eastern Bering Sea: near Bogoslof Island (February–April), north of Unimak Island and the Alaska Peninsula (March–April), and around the Pribilof Islands (April–August). Unique temporal patterns of egg density were observed for each area, suggesting that pollock spawning may be more spatially and temporally complex than previously assumed. Moreover, this work provides a valuable baseline of pollock spawning to which future changes, such as those resulting from climate variability, may be compared.     

Drift reduction and droplet-size in sprays containing adjuvant oil emulsions

The droplet-sizes and drift produced by sprays containing dilute oil-in-water emulsions of various vegetable and mineral oil adjuvants were measured in wind-tunnel experiments. When compared with water or a surfactant solution, both types of oil adjuvant reduced the proportion of small driftable droplets and, hence, reduced measured spray drift. Vegetable oils were more effective at drift reduction than the mineral oil. Spray drift tended to increase with increasing oil concentration and decreasing emulsifier content.     

圆形喷灌机施肥灌溉均匀性及蒸发漂移损失

为了评估圆形喷灌机施肥灌溉均匀性和蒸发漂移损失量,通过测试圆形喷灌机入机压力为0.15 MPa时,与喷灌机连接的计量隔膜泵吸肥流量与工作比例间的关系.分析了计量隔膜泵吸肥性能,并通过田间试验测试圆形喷灌机水力性能,评估了不同肥料类型和肥液浓度的施肥灌溉均匀系数及蒸发漂移损失量.结果表明:计量隔膜泵吸肥流量实测值和理论值的标准均方根误差为8.9%,且流量控制精度在工作比例为60%~100%时(相对误差|RE|≤5.6%)远高于工作比例为20%~40%时(|RE|≥13.3%).圆形喷灌机行走速度百分数为100%时,径向肥液水深与施肥量的修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数基本相等,其变化分别为80%~85%和78%~86%,均小于径向肥液浓度的均匀系数96%~99%.不同肥料类型和肥液浓度处理间灌水、肥液浓度均匀系数差异不具有统计学意义.当风速小于2 m/s时,利用圆形喷灌机进行施肥灌溉产生的蒸发漂移损失量占灌水量的比例为1.5%~10.1%.