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Objective
To identify landmarks and to describe a technique for nerve blockade of the dorsal cranium in dogs.Study design
Anatomic cadaveric study.Animals
A total of 39 dog cadavers, weighing 18.0 ± 9.7 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
The study was performed in three parts. In the initial part, cadavers were dissected to determine the location of the frontal, zygomaticotemporal, and major occipital nerves, and to identify prominent landmarks for their blockade. In the second part, one technique was developed to block each of the frontal and zygomaticotemporal nerves, and two techniques, rostral and caudal, were developed to block the major occipital nerve. Injection solution was 0.05% methylene blue in 0.5% bupivacaine. In the third part, cadavers were used to test the techniques developed in the second part with 0.04 mL kg?1 of the same injectate administered at each site (maximal volume 0.5 mL per site). The length of nerve stained was measured, with a length ≥6 mm considered successful. Confidence intervals were calculated using Fisher’s exact test.Results
Success rates (95% confidence interval) for the frontal, zygomaticotemporal, and rostral and caudal locations for the major occipital nerve were 94% (80–99%), 91% (76–98%), 74% (58–86%) and 77% (59–89%), respectively. With a combination of both locations, the success rate for the major occipital nerve was 100% (90–100%).Conclusion and clinical relevance
This study describes a simple regional anaesthesia technique using palpable anatomical landmarks that may provide analgesia for dogs undergoing craniotomy. 相似文献METHODS: Lumbosacral dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy was performed on 16 large-breed canine cadavers using either a standard OS (n=8) or MI (n=8) approach. Skin and fascial incision length, procedure time, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Postoperatively specimens were evaluated for laminectomy and discectomy dimensions, and visible damage to the cauda equina and exiting nerve roots.
RESULTS: Median length of skin and fascial incisions in the OS group were longer than in the MI group (p<0.001). Median laminectomy length was similar between both approaches (p=0.234) but width was greater for the MI than OS approach (p=0.002). Both approaches achieved similar partial discectomy width (p=0.279). Overall surgical time was longer for MI approaches compared to OS, with a median of 18.5 (min 15.5, max 21.8) minutes for MI compared to 14.6 (min 13.1, max 16.9) minutes for OS (p=0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The MI approach reduced incision lengths while retaining comparable laminectomy and discectomy dimensions. For this in vitro model the MI approach required more time to complete, but this difference may not be relevant in clinical cases.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dogs undergoing lumbosacral dorsal laminectomy are commonly large-breed dogs. The traditional open approach requires a large skin incision and soft tissue dissection, especially in overweight animals. A MI approach accomplishing the same surgical result while minimising soft tissue trauma could reduce post-operative pain and recovery time, and may lower wound-related complications. Clinical studies are needed to confirm postoperative benefit and assess operating times in vivo. 相似文献