灰海马染色体制备及核型分析

为了解灰海马的细胞遗传学特征,便于今后开展灰海马的种质评价与鉴定、规模化人工繁育、亲缘关系研究及人工选育等工作,实验以雌雄灰海马的背鳍为材料,采用秋水仙素浸泡和常规热滴片法制备染色体标本。借助Photoshop图像软件,将同源染色体配对、拼贴,做出染色体核型图。采用Image J软件的自定义曲线测量功能,以着丝粒的中心位置为起点,顺着染色体弯曲的形态,到染色体臂末端为终点,测量线段长度,得出图片中染色体的臂长,根据相同放大倍数下标尺的测量值,换算出染色体的实际臂长。根据臂比值,将染色体进行配对、分类后,得出灰海马的染色体核型公式。结果显示,灰海马的背鳍组织可作为其染色体制备的理想材料,实验选用的染色体制备方法能获得图像清晰、形态良好的细胞分裂相。此法简单、效果好,解决了海龙科鱼类染色体制备的难题;灰海马具有22对染色体,二倍体染色体数目2n=44,雄鱼的染色体核型公式为2n=2sm+20st+22t,雌鱼的染色体核型公式为2n=1m+2sm+20st+21t,雌鱼存在性染色体异型的现象,因此灰海马的性染色体为ZW/ZZ型。     

酸枣仁散对运输应激大鼠脑内5-HT表达的影响

为研究运输应激对脑内五羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)表达的影响及酸枣仁散对运输应激的调控作用,试验采用摇床模拟公路运输途中的摇晃、高温和拥挤等因素,建立大鼠运输应激模型(35℃,60r/min,每天应激2h,连续7d)。将40只大鼠随机分为对照组、酸枣仁组、应激组和应激+酸枣仁组,分别处理7d后,断头取脑,利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和免疫组化法检测各组大鼠脑区5-HT含量变化及分布。酶联免疫吸附法检测结果显示,与对照组相比,应激组大鼠中缝核、海马和纹状体等脑区5-HT表达量均明显减少(P0.05),应激+酸枣仁组较应激组5-HT表达量显著增加(P0.05)。免疫组化结果显示,在中缝背核及其亚核DRDsh、DRv和DRc亚核,应激组大鼠5-HT灰度值与对照组相比显著下降(P0.05),应激+酸枣仁组与应激组相比显著上升(P0.05)。以上结果表明,运输应激可以导致中枢神经系统部分脑区5-HT含量下降,而酸枣仁散可能通过上调脑内5-HT的含量来调控运输应激。     

氟氯氰菊酯在茶叶中的残留动态研究

采用田间小区试验方法研究了氟氯氰菊酯在茶叶中的残留动态和最终残留量。残留动态试验结果表明，在本地特有的自然环境条件下，氟氯氰菊酯在茶叶中的消解速度很快，其半衰期为1.88d。最终残留量的测定结果表明，按照推荐使用剂量和推荐安全间隔期，氟氯氰菊酯在茶叶中无残留。     

细锯脂鲤背鳍和脂鳍的发育观察和转录组比较分析

观察了细锯脂鲤脂鳍和背鳍形态和骨骼发育,在此基础上比较了脂鳍、背鳍原基和背鳍共3个组织的转录组,发现细锯脂鲤背鳍原基28 DAH(Day After Hatch,DAH)出现,30 DAH仔鱼背鳍鳍条已出现分化,35 DAH背鳍鳍条已硬骨化,脂鳍在32 DAH开始出现。背鳍原基、背鳍和脂鳍这3个组织共同表达基因有14 115条,分别占背鳍原基转录组的84.01%、背鳍的83.19%、脂鳍的84.14%,提示脂鳍发育的主要调控机制与背鳍发育较为相似。相同基因表达水平差异方面,相比脂鳍,背鳍原基和背鳍之间的基因表达模式要更为相似。发现有些与鳍发育相关的基因在背鳍和脂鳍转录组中存在差异。这些研究结果为进一步深入了解脂鳍发育奠定了基础。     

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of epidural neoplasms in two ataxic horses

Two cases of ataxia caused by epidural neoplasia diagnosed with myelography and histopathology are presented in this report. One horse was diagnosed with lymphohistiocytic lymphosarcoma and the other with haemangiosarcoma. In both cases, subtotal dorsal decompression was performed as part of their treatment protocol. One horse was subjected to euthanasia immediately after surgery; however, the other horse recovered well, with no gait abnormalities and a normal myelographic dye column seen at 6 months post surgery. Although both horses were ultimately subjected to euthanasia, subtotal dorsal decompression provides a potential surgical treatment for epidural neoplasia.     

条石鲷早期发育阶段鳍的分化

条石鲷仔稚鱼在室外水泥池进行培育,培育水温24-28℃,盐度28-32,pH7.6-8.4,对条石鲷早期发育阶段鳍的发育、分化进行了观察.结果表明:初孵仔鱼奇鳍鳍褶起始于头部,绕过尾部,终止于肛门;3日龄仔鱼出现胸鳍;8日龄仔鱼脊椎末端下侧出现放射丝;12日龄仔鱼脊椎末端开始上翘,腹鳍基形成;15日龄仔鱼胸鳍出现软条,背鳍、臀鳍在支鳍骨上方的相应位置分化出软条,尾鳍由圆形转变为截形,腹鳍形成2枚软条;20日龄仔鱼背、臀、尾鳍软条出现分节,腹鳍形成4枚软条,透明,无色素,尾鳍呈长截形,鳍中部略有内凹;30日龄稚鱼各鳍鳍条数目已发育完全,尾鳍鳍条出现分支,胸鳍和尾鳍还未有色素分布,背、臀鳍的鳍棘部已全部出现色素,软条部分还未完全着色素,腹鳍已全部着色素;40日龄进入幼鱼期,外部形态和成鱼相似,各鳍鳍条发育完全.条石鲷仔稚鱼胸鳍长与全长呈直线回归关系,且胸鳍长随日龄的增加而增长,呈指数关系.条石鲷各鳍的发育时序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、背鳍、臀鳍、腹鳍.     

Assessment of prebiotic potentials in selected leaf meals of high dietary fibre on growth performance,body composition,nutrient utilization and amylase activities of a tropical commercial carp fingerlings

The performance of selected leaf meals of high dietary fibre in the feed of a tropical commercial carp, hybrid lemon fin barb (Barbonymus gonionotus ♀ × Hypsibarbus wetmorei ♂) was evaluated in a 56‐day feeding trial. The tropical carp juveniles (9.43 ± 0.05 g) were randomly stocked in 60‐L aquaria at 15 fish per aquarium. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (30% crude protein, 17 kJ/g gross energy) containing no leaf meal and 10% napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), water spinach (Ipomea aquatica) and Gliricidia sepium leaf meals were formulated and tested. Three aquaria were randomly assigned to each experimental diet. The results showed that fish‐fed diets containing leaf meals showed superior growth performance and body composition which was better than those fed control diet. The leaf meal‐treated groups also had higher values of protein, lipid, energy retention and production of digestive enzymes amylase. Conclusively, the results indicated that leaf meal fibre provided better performance showing the inherent prebiotic effect of the utilization of these leaf meal in hybrid lemon fin barb .     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF LARYNGOHYOID POSITION AS A PREDICTOR OF DORSAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE SOFT PALATE IN HORSES

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate is an important cause of poor performance in racehorses, yet its etiology is not fully understood. Diagnosis requires treadmill videoendoscopy, which is not widely available. The relationship of the larynx, the hyoid apparatus, and the remainder of the skull may be important in predisposing horses to dorsal displacement of the soft palate. We hypothesized that this relationship could be accurately assessed in unsedated horses through ultrasonographic examination. Fifty-six racehorses presented for evaluation of poor performance were subjected to treadmill videoendoscopy and resting ultrasonography. Using ultrasound-assisted percutaneous measures of laryngo-hyoid position, the relationship between selected anatomic structures and the occurrence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate was evaluated. A significant relationship was found between the depth of the basihyoid bone at rest and the occurrence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate at exercise ( P =0.03). Other measures of laryngohyoid position were not found to be associated with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Thus, there is an association between the occurrence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate at exercise and the resting position of the basihyoid bone, whereby on average a more ventral location of the basihyoid bone is present in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. The pathophysiologic implications of this finding are not fully understood but, based on our findings, ultrasound examination is of value in assisting in the diagnosis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate.     

Why have global shark and ray landings declined: improved management or overfishing?

Global chondrichthyan (shark, ray, skate and chimaera) landings, reported to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), peaked in 2003 and in the decade since have declined by almost 20%. In the FAO's 2012 ‘State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture’ report, the authors ‘hoped’ the reductions in landings were partially due to management implementation rather than population decline. Here, we tested their hypothesis. Post‐peak chondrichthyan landings trajectories from 126 countries were modelled against seven indirect and direct fishing pressure measures and eleven measures of fisheries management performance, while accounting for ecosystem attributes. We found the recent improvement in international or national fisheries management was not yet strong enough to account for the recent decline in chondrichthyan landings. Instead, the landings declines were more closely related to fishing pressure and ecosystem attribute measures. Countries with the greatest declines had high human coastal population sizes or high shark and ray meat exports such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand. While important progress had been made, country‐level fisheries management measures did not yet have the strength or coverage to halt overfishing and avert population declines of chondrichthyans. Increased implementation of legally binding operational fisheries management and species‐specific reporting is urgently required to avoid declines and ensure fisheries sustainability and food security.     

Repeatability of fin length measurements using digital image analysis and studies of fin erosion as indicator of social interactions in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

The aims of this study were to examine fin erosion caused by social interactions between Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) juveniles, and to evaluate the repeatability of recorded fin length using digital image analysis (DIA). Fin length of 2100 juvenile Atlantic cod was analysed using DIA, during a 6 weeks experiment. The lengths of the three dorsal fins and the caudal fin were measured by three different assessors (M, K, B) three times during the experiment. Repeatability was based on a sub set of data from 42 randomly chosen fish. Assessor M measured the length of the fins of the 42 fish three times (M1, M2, M3). M1 and M2 were done on the same day, while M3 was conducted 2 weeks later. Assessor K measured two times with a 2‐year interval, and assessor B measured the fin length only once. The correlations between replicated measurements within assessor were highest for assessor M measured on the same day indicating an effect of memory. Repeatability of fin length ranged from 0.57 to 0.73 for the four fins. Social interaction with respect to fin erosion was studied using data on the four fins from all 2100 fish. ‘Relative fin length’ (fin length/total body length × 100) was calculated to assess fin erosion. Results indicated that all four fins were eroded due to social interactions, but the caudal fin was most severely eroded. In conclusion, DIA can be used to measured fin length but the method could be improved by using chromatic pictures.