Two-component method for crossing self-fertilized crops

Summary The paper presents the method of choosing parents for simple and multiple crossings formularizing the well-known principles i) effective performance of breeding traits in hybrid population and ii) genetic divergence between parents; an original procedure of the integral performance estimation of hybrid population taking into consideration the specific features of a breeding program; an estimation of divergence between parents by way of computing the parentage coefficients. It gives a substantiated computation of the objective heuristic function in the process of assessing various combinations of crossing on the basis of both estimations, the said function offering a quantitative evaluation of the relative perspective efficiency of the hybrid combinations before crossing.     

Phenotypic divergence for morphological and yield-related traits among landrace genotypes of durum wheat from Jordan

Summary Landrace genotypes of durum wheat, from 10 districts in Jordan, have been evaluated for 18 morphological and yield related traits. Results of multivariate analysis, including analysis of variance, cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis, indicate that the magnitude of phenotypic divergence in these landrace genotypes is large, especially when compared with a world collection of durum wheat. These results provide an experimental evidence for phenotypic differentiation as a result of variation in altitude and long-term average rainfall of collection sites, but not on the basis of district of collection. R²-values for fit to least squares model ranged from 67.0–78.0%, and from 18.5–30.0%, for the first and second cases, respectively. Landrace genotypes from different districts formed 5 clusters on the basis of altitude and long-term average rainfall of collection site. Three canonical factors accounted for 92% of total variance in these clusters. The first canonical factor accounted for 57% of total variance and was mainly correlated with spike length, awn length and spikelets/spike. The second canonical factor accounted for 22% of total variance and was positively correlated with peduncle length, seed weight per plant, kernel weight and ratio of peduncle length to plant height. However, it was negatively correlated with awn length. The phenotypic diversity found in these landrace genotypes could help identify genetically different genotypes for durum wheat improvement.     

带状电子束发散因素的分析

本文分析了带状电子束发散因素,从而有助于估算电子束流密度,为设计符合要求的、用于大功率二氧化碳激光器的电子枪提供了依据.     

Selection potential for seed yield from intra- and inter-racial populations in common bean

Common bean populations from crosses between lines of different races are thought to be more promising for selection of high yield potential than those from intra-racial crosses. Three distinct diallel crosses were made to test this hypothesis and to determine the possibility of substituting diallel crosses for multivariate techniques that estimate genetic divergence. The crosses were between races Mesoamerica × Mesoamerica, Mesoamerica × Durango and Jalisco, and Mesoamerica × Nueva Granada. The parents and the resulting F₄ populations were evaluated at Lavras-MG, Lambari-MG and Patos de Minas-MG, Brazil. The diallel analysis of seed yield was done and the genetic divergence estimated by Mahalanobis distance. Estimates of general and specific combining ability indicated that some inter-racial populations were more promising for selection to increase seed yield than intra-racial populations. However, due to their undesirable seed color and size, and growth habit, especially in a short term breeding program, the chances of obtaining high yielding lines with an acceptable bean is reduced. Genetic divergence was not a good measure to choose the parents because usually, the most divergent groups included were not adapted lines. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同地区克氏原螯虾遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术对中国随州、济南、宁波和常熟4个地区克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)野生群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,5对选择性引物在4个群体120个个体中,共扩增出276个位点,多态位点241个;4个群体的杂合度分别为0.200 9、0.200 9、0.228 2、0.143 7,Shannon’s指数分别为0.292 9、0.292 9、0.339 9、0.213 9,可见4个克氏原螯虾群体均具有丰富的遗传多样性。分子变异分析结果显示,39.76%的遗传变异由群体间贡献,60.24%的变异分布于群体内个体之间,遗传分化指数FST=0.397 65(P<0.01),说明4个群体存在较明显的遗传分化。利用MEGA3.0软件构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示随州、济南群体差异小,可聚为一类,宁波、常熟群体各为一类。     

联苯菊酯对棉叶气孔开张度的影响

采用田间喷施和室内显微镜检方法 ,研究了棉株叶片气孔日动态变化及联苯菊酯在新疆塔里木地区气候环境条件下对棉株叶片的气孔影响。结果证明 ,棉株叶片气孔的开张度在一天中随时间呈“双峰”型变化趋势 ,喷施农药的叶片气孔的开张度也呈“双峰”型变化 ,但与未喷药的棉花叶片有明显差异 ,表明农药可能影响棉株的生理代谢过程。     

河北省野生大豆天然群体中胰蛋白酶抑制剂蛋白的多态性

 在河北省搜集了东北部山区、东北部平原、白洋淀湖泊区、西南丘陵山区等 18个天然野生大豆群体的 4 6 1份植株种子样本 ,调查其Kunitz型胰蛋白酶抑制剂蛋白 (KTI)的形态及蛋白位点在野生大豆天然个体群体及地理的频率变化。结果显示超过 5 0 %个体群体的KTI位点是多态的 ,18个天然个体群体中 12个群体形态是由Tia和Tib构成的混合群体。这次测定的河北野生大豆中没有发现Tic形态存在。在 12个混合群体中 ,4个群体发现存在Tia/Tib杂合种子 ,约占调查群体的 2 2 % ,在野生大豆总群体中至少有 1%的异交率。河北天然野生大豆Tia基因频率约占 85 % ,Tib约 15 %。地理上 ,东北部山区和平原生态区比南部的白洋淀和西南丘陵山地生态区有较高的Tib频率 ,无论在南部或北部 ,山区生态区Tib频率高于平原生态区 ,同时山区生态区内的个体群体间的基因频率差异变化程度高于平原群体间的变化 ;个体群体的基因频率没有看到与地理距离有相关性。白洋淀湖泊生态区虽然有河北最大的野生群落 ,但是KTI位点是Tia单态的 ,湖内和湖外群体KTI位点是一致的单态性 ,暗示白洋淀区域野生群体间受湖水流动的影响 ,使Tia型种子在群体传播形成一个单态优势型 ,也许这个区域的野生大豆遗传背景较其它地区群体狭窄。在这个研究中 ,我们还首     

麻疯树种质资源nrDNA ITS 序列的遗传分析

通过PCR 扩增并测序分析了18 份不同地理来源的麻疯树种质资源的nrDNA ITS 序列,为今后麻疯树 优良种源的选择和开发利用提供理论依据。测序结果表明,麻疯树各种质资源的ITS 序列为648~649 bp,G+C 含量 在64.10%~64.71%之间;各资源的遗传距离为0.000~0.069,平均值仅为0.010。进化树分析表明,18 个麻疯树种质资 源基本上聚为1 类,没有得到具有较高支持率的分支,且各资源的遗传差异系数极低。本研究结果再次证实麻疯树 种质资源的遗传基础偏窄,遗传变异小。     

新疆野生油菜、野芥和黑芥的遗传分化及系统演化研究

利用HPLC法对284份种子硫代葡萄糖甙组成分析表明，新疆野生油菜依据中特征硫代葡萄糖甙组成可划分为9类，91．2％的新疆野生油菜种子主要含羟基苄硫甙，8．8％的新疆野生油菜种子主要含丙烯基硫甙，与黑芥和芥菜型油菜特征硫代葡萄糖甙组成一致。RAPD分析将新疆野生油菜、野芥和黑芥划分为3簇，表明新疆野生油菜、野芥和黑芥之间存在明显的遗传距离，相对而言，新疆野生油菜与野芥间的遗传距离较近，与黑芥的遗传距离较远。新疆野生油菜可依据RAPD聚类分析结果划分为4簇，其中第1、2和4簇主要由来源于新疆塔城地区的新疆野生油菜组成，种子主要含丙烯基硫甙，第3簇为新疆巩留及其周边地区的新疆野生油菜,种子主要含羟基苄硫甙。研究为阐明我国芥菜型油菜起源进化途径提供了新的证据。     

一次灾害性暴雨过程分析

[目的]分析丹东地区一次灾害性暴雨天气过程。[方法]利用实时资料,从环流形势、影响系统、低空急流对暴雨的触发作用以及稳定度和动力条件,对2009年6月9日一次灾害性暴雨天气过程进行初步诊断分析。[结果]蒙古气旋为暴雨的产生提供抬升的动力,江淮切变线将南部水汽源源不断地向北输送,副高西侧有江淮切变线,东侧的西南气流叠加形成的西南急流在丹东南部有水汽通量的幅合,使南来的水汽在丹东南部堆积抬升,水汽凝结潜热释放,加强了中尺度上升运动,致使此次强降水持续时间较长,从而产生暴雨。[结论]该研究为暴雨预报提供一定参考。