氧化应激对断奶仔猪肌体氧化还原状态的影响

本试验旨在研究氧化应激对断奶仔猪机体氧化还原状态的影响。选用24头28日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为3个处理组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪,采用单因子试验设计。基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型,以饲喂基础日粮为对照组,饲喂氧化鱼油和腹腔介入12mg/kg体重敌草快(Diquat)为应激组,试验期26d。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,氧化鱼油和Diquat都造成了脾脏损伤,使脾脏和胸腺指数降低(P<0.05);(2)饲喂氧化鱼油显著增加了脾脏MDA(丙二醛)含量(P<0.05),降低血浆抑制羟基自由基的能力(P<0.05),极显著降低脾脏GST(谷光苷肽-S转移酶)的活力(P<0.01),降低血浆中SOD(超氧化物岐化酶)、GSH-PX(谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶)的活性(P<0.01)和抑制羟基自由基的能力(P<0.05);(3)Diquat极显著增加脾脏MDA的含量(P<0.01),降低脾脏GST的含量(P<0.01),降低血浆中SOD、GSH-PX的活性和抑制羟基自由基的能力(P<0.01),提高MDA的含量(P<0.01)。氧化鱼油和Diquat可诱导断奶仔猪产生氧化应激,并导致了脾脏和胸腺的氧化损伤。     

喷雾干燥鱼浆蛋白粉营养成分分析

本试验对鱼粉加工废水鱼浆蛋白粉(经浓缩、水解、喷雾干燥得到的副产品)进行营养成分分析,其中粗蛋白质含量达64.08%,钙2.67%、磷1.12%,钙磷比例合理;各氨基酸含量分别为:赖氨酸3.29%,蛋氨酸0.94%,谷氨酸5.17%,牛磺酸2.50%。     

气相色谱法测定咸鱼中的敌百虫和敌敌畏

建立了咸鱼中敌百虫、敌敌畏农药残留的气相色谱分析方法。样品采用乙腈-水(1 1)溶液提取,加乙酸锌净化,用乙酸乙酯进行液液分配,最后采用DB-1701P或DB-5毛细管柱分离,使用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器分析。在4个添加水平的敌百虫、敌敌畏平均回收率(n=6)分别为91%~95%、90%~94.5%,相对标准偏差分别为3.82%~5.80%和3.57%~4.62%;方法的检出限为:敌百虫0.005 mg/kg,敌敌畏0.005 mg/kg。该方法可用于市场上咸鱼样品中敌百虫、敌敌畏的测定。     

池塘生态系基质C/N比对游离细菌群落生长和有机N矿化作用的影响

本文研究了向高产鱼池中人工添加有机C（葡萄糖）和有机N（甘氨酸）对水中游离细菌生长及其分解矿化有机N的影响。研究结果表明，向池塘水中添加有机C促进了细菌生长和细菌对N素的吸收；而添加有机N对细菌生长的影响不明显，但增强了有机N的矿化作用。在池塘水营养条件下，溶解有机C限制了细菌的生长，细菌在鱼池生态系统N循环中起着有机N分解者的作用。     

鱼体不可食部分——鱼头和骨刺的加工利用

以鱼头、鱼骨刺为原料，制成新鲜鱼骨糊；将鱼骨糊按不同比例添加到鱼糜中试制出骨糊系列制品。与纯鱼糜制品对比，将鱼骨糊按１０％～２０％比例添加到鱼糜制品中，不仅在口感上能接受，而且能降低成本，提高营养价值。将鱼骨糊及其制品置于常温（１２～１５℃）、０℃、－１８℃温度下进行保藏试验，结果表明：在－１８℃温度下，骨糊及其制品品质基本不变。     

Electromechanical effects of acetylcholine on the atrial tissues of the cultured tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica × O. aureus)

The effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on the action potential and twitch force of atrial tissues isolated from 15 tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica × O. aureus) were studied by means of conventional microelectrode techniques. In isolated whole atrium or sinoatrial tissue, scattered pacemaker-like cells with spontaneous diastolic depolarization were found mainly near the sinoatrial junction but also occasionally throughout the atrial wall. However, most of the atrial cells recorded were myocardial fibers as judged by a stable diastolic potential and a markedly reduced action potential duration (APD) in response to low concentrations of ACh (0.1–1 M). The shortening in APD in atrial myocardial fibers was correlated with a significant fall in twitch force in the atrial preparations. ACh at high concentrations (10–300 M) decreased moderately the APD and the slope of diastolic depolarization of the pacemakers and prolonged the spontaneous cycle length but did not induce hyperpolarization. The negative chronotropic action of ACh was competitively inhibited by atropine, a muscarinic antagonist. The means (± SEM) negative logarithm of the dissociation constant (pK_b or pA₂ value) for atropine against the ACh action on muscarinic receptors were 9.10 (± 0.13) (n = 6), similar to those values obtained in mammalian atria. The present findings indicate that while the negative inotropic effects of ACh in tilapia atria are comparable to those observed in mammalian hearts, unique electrophysiological responses to ACh exist in different types of tilapia atrial cells.     

The importance of the riparian ecotone and river hydraulics for sustainable basin-scale restoration scenarios

1. The effect of riparian ecotone functional complexity and stream hydraulics on an upland river ecosystem has been analysed. 2. The amount of nutrients retained by bottom sediment was lowest on a sandy substrate (range: 26–104 mg m⁻² P-PO₄) and highest in wetland bays (range: 558–5368 mg m⁻² P-PO₄). A stream bed covered by Berula erecta had about three times higher retentive nutrient capacity ( x̄ = 584 mg m⁻² day⁻¹) than did a sandy substrate( x̄ = 205 mg m⁻² day⁻¹). 3. The amount of allochthonous organic matter (CPOM) deposited on the stream bed decreased with current velocity. The trophic potential of CPOM, measured as total protein, was significantly correlated with the amount of deposited CPOM (r = 0.863; p<0.00001) and depended on stream order. 4. Both invertebrate and fish biomass in the upland river were significantly correlated with calcium/bicarbonate (benthos: r = 0.858; p<0.006; fish: r = 0.918; p<0.001). 5. Fish biomass, diversity and species richness were highest in pools, lower in riffles and lowest in the run/transition zone. 6. Macroinvertebrate biomass was highest at an intermediate riparian ecotone complexity with an adequate supply of organic matter and incident light. Fish biomass followed the same trend, being lowest in heavily shaded areas and in open channels without riparian vegetation (range: 1–4.5 g m⁻²), but highest in ecotones of intermediate complexity (range: 1.6–92.8 g m⁻²). The ‘cascading effect’ of invertebrate density depletion, which was inversely related to fish biomass, was observed seasonally. 7. The above results indicate that riparian ecotone structure and the heterogeneity of the stream channel may regulate biodiversity, productivity and nutrient retention in the fluvial corridor. These quantitative data help to create alternative scenarios for sustainable river basin management. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and egg yolk on sperm motility,fertility and hatching rates of depik Rasbora tawarensis (Pisces: Cyprinidae) eggs after short‐term cryopreservation

Cryoprotectant is the crucial factor in the cryopreservation process. In general, there are two types of cryoprotectant, permeating and non‐permeating cryoprotectants. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and egg yolk are common permeating and non‐permeating cryoprotectants respectively. Hence, the objective of the present study was to determine the best proportion of DMSO and egg yolk for the cryopreservation of Rasbora tawarensis sperm. A completely randomized experimental design was used in this study which involves two types of cryoprotectant and their combination at different concentrations, namely 5% DMSO, 5% egg yolk, 5% DMSO + 5% egg yolk and 2.5% DMSO + 2.5% egg yolk. Every treatment was conducted in three replicates. Combination of 5% DMSO + 5% egg yolk gave the best results cryoprotectant treatment had significant effects on sperm motility, fertilization and hatching rate of the R. tawarensis eggs (p < .05). It is concluded that the best proportion of cryoprotectants for sperm cryopreservation in this species is 5% DMSO + 5% egg yolk.     

沱江干流岸边土壤营养盐和重金属分布特征

为探究“十年禁渔”前沱江中游江段鱼类资源和物种多样性,于2017—2020年对该江段鱼类资源进行了8次调查,并对鱼类种类组成、生态类型、群落相似度、种群优势度、生物多样性以及群落结构稳定性等特征进行分析。结果显示,本次调查共采集鱼类87种,隶属于5目14科52属。其中,长江上游特有鱼类18种,外来物种6种,分别占总种类数的20.69%和6.90%。鱼类群落以底层、缓流型、产沉性卵、杂食性鱼类为主。相对重要性指数(IRI)显示,蛇、鲤等中小型鱼类为优势种。Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数变化范围分别为2.700~3.742、0.873~0.968、5.374~11.323、0.737~0.887,表明沱江中游鱼类群落分布均匀。等级聚类分析 (Cluster)和非度量多维尺度分析 (NMDS)显示,在一定的相似性水平上,沱江中游江段鱼类的群落类型基本可分为3组,莲花山、麻柳坝工业园与铁路沟可以聚为一组,万古庙、五里店水电站、资州大桥、银山镇、二水厂与西林渡口聚为一组,沱桥独立成组。数量/生物量比较曲线分析结果显示,西林渡口和沱桥江段鱼类群落结构稳定性相对较高,其余江段鱼类群落结构均受到中度干扰。研究表明,与历史资料相比,沱江中游鱼类群落发生了显著变化,经济鱼类占比减少,鱼类个体呈现小型化和低龄化。本研究补充了沱江中游鱼类资源现状的基础数据,以期为该江段鱼类资源管理与“十年禁渔”生态评估提供科学依据。     

中华绒螯蟹对赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸的需要量

为探究饲料中辅酶渣替代鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹生长性能、健康情况和肠道菌群的影响,以中华绒螯蟹幼蟹 (0.70±0.01g)为研究对象,分别以等蛋白的辅酶渣替代基础饲料中鱼粉的0% (对照组,含20%鱼粉)、20%、40%、60%、80%、100% (记为C、T20、T40、T60、T80、T100)的饲料投喂8周。结果显示,与C组相比,T40组生长性能无显著改变,T60组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著降低。T80组、T100组生长性能、体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著降低;与C组相比,替代组血清谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)、谷草转氨酶 (AST)、碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、甘油三酯 (TG)水平未见显著差异,总蛋白水平 (TP)在T100组显著降低。血清葡萄糖 (Glu)在替代组中显著降低。T60、T80、T100组的血清总胆固醇 (T-CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL-C)含量显著降低,T80、T100组的血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL-C)含量显著降低;与C组相比,各替代组肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性无显著差异,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH-Px)活性显著上升,T100组丙二醛 (MDA)含量显著降低;C、T40、T80组肠道菌群α多样性指数无显著差异,主坐标分析显示T80组蟹肠道菌群组成较C组发生改变。研究表明,辅酶渣替代饲料中40%的鱼粉对幼蟹的生长、抗氧化能力、肠道菌群无负面影响,但当替代比例超过80%时将导致幼蟹的生长性能下降、营养物质积累减少和肠道菌群稳态发生改变。