黄土塬区土壤水分分布特征及其对不同土地利用方式的响应

该文就陕西省长武黄土塬区主要土地利用方式下0～20 m土壤剖面水分分布特征及其与土壤质地的关系进行了调查与分析,以期服务于土地利用方式的优化配置及区域水文水资源研究。结果表明,黄土剖面古土壤层物理黏粒含量较黄土层高约2%～6%,质地较重;0～20 m剖面田间持水率和萎蔫湿度分别为(21.39±0.13)%和(8.06±0.45)%。黄土深层土壤水分分布特征与黄土-古土壤序列有关,一般情况下,一层黄土和一层古土壤构成一次湿度高低起伏,并有随深度增加湿度变大的趋势。荒草地、18年苹果园地、8年生及23年生苜蓿草地0～20 m土层平均湿度分别为18.89%、15.45%、14.77%和10.59%,连作高产小麦地0～13 m土层平均湿度为18.74%。高产麦田和荒草地3 m以下土层没有发生干燥化现象;18年苹果园地在10 m以上土层发生了中度和轻度为主的土壤干燥化现象;8年苜蓿草地在10 m以上土层发生了重度、中度和轻度的土壤干燥化现象,其中重度干燥化现象出现在4 m以上土层;而23年苜蓿在整个20 m土层都发生了重度和中度的土壤干燥化现象,其中重度干燥化现象出现在17 m以上土层。可以看出,高耗水型人工林草因水分负平衡所导致土壤干燥化,随年限增加渐进地向深层土层发展,这在苜蓿草地上表现的更为突出。     

黄土高原不同降水类型区林地、草地与农田土壤干燥化效应比较

黄土高原人工林草地和旱作农田土壤干燥化问题十分突出,严重威胁着人工植被建设成效和旱作农业可持续发展。通过对黄土高原半湿润区、半干旱区和半干旱偏旱区53类林地、草地和农田深层土壤湿度的观测,分析比较了各类型区各类林地、草地和农田土壤湿度、土壤水分过耗量、土壤干燥化指数、土壤干层厚度等土壤干燥化效应指标。结果表明:(1)林地、草地和农田土壤湿度平均值依次为6.46%～12.57%、6.49%～11.52%和9.32%～16.00%,均以半湿润区最高,半干旱区居中,半干旱偏旱区最低,林地、草地和农田土壤水分过耗量平均值分别为521mm、491mm和30mm,林地土壤水分过耗量以半干旱区最高,草地以半湿润区和半干旱偏旱区最高,农田以半干旱偏旱区最高;(2)林地、草地和农田土壤干燥化指数平均值依次为39%、42%和96%,分别属于严重干燥化、严重干燥化和轻度干燥化强度,林地土壤干燥化程度以半干旱区和半干旱偏旱区最严重,草地以半湿润区和半干旱偏旱区最严重,农田以半干旱偏旱区最严重,林地、草地和农田土壤干层厚度平均值依次为881cm、836cm和336cm,林地土壤干层厚度以半干旱区和半干旱偏旱区最厚,草地和农田以半干旱偏旱区最厚。     

晋西北不同植被类型土壤水分时空变化特征

[目的]对晋西北黄土丘陵区不同植被类型不同季节土壤水分的动态进行研究,为今后该区域植被建设过程中选择适宜的树种提供理论依据。[方法]以山西省岢岚县西北黄土丘陵区不同类型植被和撂荒地为研究对象,以当地3类有代表性的植被(乔木类小叶杨林、灌木类沙棘林及撂荒地)为研究对象,系统地对旱季(4月)和雨季(9月)不同植被剖面土壤水分含量动态变化规律进行分析。[结果]各林地旱、雨季的土壤水分含量9月均明显大于4月,从土壤表层到600cm深处呈现出先增加后减少再增加的变化趋势;而干燥化程度由强到弱依次表现为:小叶杨>沙棘>撂荒地;将3种不同植被类型在0—600cm深度的土壤水分利用情况分为3个层次:土壤水分的微弱利用层、利用层(过渡层)和稳定层(调节层)。[结论]晋西北黄土丘陵区在恢复重建植被的过程中,要调整土地利用利用结构,改善乔木、灌木和草的比例,实现植被的多样化,建立合理类型的混交林和复层林,分配好种群密度,构建一个相对平衡的植物群落,保证植物耗水和环境供水处于平稳的状态。     

Dry Matter Partitioning to Stem at Full Maturity Affects Stem Desiccation and Combine Harvest Maturity in Soybeans

Abstract

Days from full maturity to combine harvest maturity (DFC) is a major concern in combine harvesting of soybeans (Glycine max (L.)), especially in northern Japan, which has a short harvesting period. The combine harvest maturity, which was defined as the day at which the moisture content of the stem reached 30%, was analyzed using 7 soybean varieties for 3 yr in Hokkaido. There were significant differences in DFC among varieties (12 to 31 d) and among the 3 yr (16 to 25 d). DFC was closely associated with dry matter partitioning to stem (DMPS) at full maturity, that is, high DMPS increased DFC. The relationship between DMPS and DFC was examined by pod removal experiments conducted for 2 yr. In the soybean plants with high DMPS pod removal increased the stem desiccation period and DFC. These results indicated that DMPS at full maturity is an informative indicator for predicting the harvest maturity in the combine harvesting system.     

Climate change and the genetics of insecticide resistance

Changes in global temperature and humidity as a result of climate change are producing rapid evolutionary changes in many animal species, including agricultural pests and disease vectors, leading to changes in allele frequencies of genes involved in thermotolerance and desiccation resistance. As some of these genes have pleiotropic effects on insecticide resistance, climate change is likely to affect insecticide resistance in the field. In this review, we discuss how the interactions between adaptation to climate change and resistance to insecticides can affect insecticide resistance in the field using examples in phytophagous and hematophagous pest insects, focusing on the effects of increased temperature and increased aridity. We then use detailed genetic and mechanistic studies in the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, to explain the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We suggest that tradeoffs or facilitation between adaptation to climate change and resistance to insecticides can alter insecticide resistance allele frequencies in the field. The dynamics of these interactions will need to be considered when managing agricultural pests and disease vectors in a changing climate. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

陕北黄土高原人工刺槐林生长与土壤干化的关系研究

通过对陕北黄土高原南北 6个人工刺槐林样地进行标准地调查 ,结合树干解析与土壤含水量资料 ,分析了人工刺槐林树高、胸径、材积等指标的生长状况与土壤含水量亏缺的关系。结果表明 ,土壤含水量的亏缺程度与刺槐林的生长有明显的一致性。南部的宜君降雨充沛 ,土壤含水量基本没有亏缺 ,没有产生明显的土壤干化现象 ,相应刺槐林的生长状况良好 ,没有产生衰退迹象。随着降雨量的减少 ,从富县开始 ,土壤含水量发生了严重程度不一的亏缺现象。富县样地因水分亏缺而形成的干化层已影响到了人工刺槐林的生长 ,林分已有了衰退的迹象。样地吴旗、安塞、绥德和米脂则土壤含水量亏缺严重 ,形成了明显的土壤干化层 ,并且严重影响到了人工刺槐林的生长和发育 ,导致人工刺槐林成为低效低产林 ,限制了林分的生态防护效益 ,说明这些地区属于不适宜人工刺槐林生长的分布区。     

Optimizing the growth of forage and grain legumes on low pH soils through the application of superior Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strains

Climate variability and current farming practices have led to declining soil fertility and pH, with a heavy reliance on fertilizers and herbicides. The addition of forage and grain legumes to farming systems not only improves soil health but also increases farm profitability through nitrogen (N) fertilizer cost offsets. However, the formation of effective symbioses between legumes and rhizobia can be unreliable and is considered at risk when combined with dry sowing practices such as those that have been designed to obviate effects of climate change. This research was initiated to improve the robustness of the legume/rhizobia symbiosis in low pH, infertile and dry soils. Production from two cultivars of field pea (Pisum sativum) and two species of vetch (Vicia spp.), and symbiotic outcomes when inoculated with a range of experimental rhizobial strains (Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae), was assessed in broad acre field trials which simulated farmer practice. New rhizobia strains increased nodulation, N fixation, produced more biomass and higher seed yield than comparator commercial strains. Strain WSM4643 also demonstrated superior survival when desiccated compared to current commercial strains in the laboratory and on seed when delivered as inoculant in peat carriers. WSM4643 is a suitable prospect for a commercial inoculant in Australia and other agricultural areas of the world where growing peas and vetch on soils generally considered problematic for this legume/rhizobia symbiosis. A particular advantage of WSM4643 may be that it potentiates sowing inoculated legumes into dry soil, which is a contemporary response by farmers to climate variation.     

中国黄土高原不同树龄苹果园中干层土壤特性及其在土壤水分管理中的运用

Negative soil water balance(i.e., water input water output) can lead to soil desiccation and subsequently the occurrence of a dried soil layer(DSL). The DSLs are generally studied at a specific sampling depth(e.g., 500 cm), and the actual extent of DSLs remains unknown due to the challenge of collecting deep soil samples. To investigate the characteristics of actual DSLs under different ages of apple orchards and ascertain the optimal age of apple orchards for avoiding/controlling the formation of DSLs, soil samples were collected to a depth of 1 800 cm under apple orchards of different ages in Changwu on the Loess Plateau of China. As the ages increased, soil water content(SWC) and mean SWC in DSLs showed an overall decreasing trend, whereas while DSL thickness and the quantity of water deficit(QWD) in DSLs demonstrated an increasing trend. The DSL was the thickest(1 600 cm) under the 17-year-old orchard, the forming velocity of DSL thickness was the highest at the apple tree growth stage of 9–17 years(168 cm year-1), and the highest increasing velocity of QWD(-181 mm year-1) was also observed at this stage. The thickness of DSL was significantly correlated with growth age and root depth of apple trees(r 0.88), whereas the QWD and mean SWC in DSLs were found to have no correlation with them. The optimal age of apple orchards for avoiding/controlling the formation of DSLs was about 9 years. This information provided pertinent references for the management of deep water resources by controlling the growth age of plants.     

土壤干化的水文生态效应

应用土壤-植被-大气传输模型(SVAT-model)——CoupModel,对黄土丘陵沟壑区农地(马铃薯)、林地(刺槐林)、采伐迹地(刺槐被砍伐)和荒草地(天然灌草)的土壤水分变化进行了模拟。分析了不同植被覆盖条件下土壤干化程度、气候干旱和植被耗水对土壤干化的贡献率以及土壤干化的水文生态效应。研究结果表明:农地不存在土壤干化现象,刺槐林地、采伐迹地和荒草地均存在明显的土壤干层,以刺槐林地最为严重;气候干旱和植被过度耗水对土壤干化的贡献率分别为70.74%和29.26%,气候干旱是导致土壤干化的主要原因;土壤干化可以导致土壤剖面水分交换深度变浅,土壤剖面水分的移动性变差,使土壤水库丧失77.58%~93.55%的调节能力,形成土壤水分循环的隔离层,增加植被生长对年度降水的依赖性。总之,土壤干化恶化了陆地土壤水文循环环境,影响植被的正常生长,不利于黄土丘陵沟壑区的生态环境建设。