土壤干缩开裂三维模型构建及其参数敏感性分析

为揭示农田土壤干缩裂隙沿深度方向的发展规律及形成机理,该研究改进了Vogel提出的Hookean弹簧模型,通过构建由节点组成的三棱柱状网格结构,并考虑重力的影响,建立了可以模拟裂隙深度的三维农田土壤干缩开裂模型,分析了纵向弹性系数（与土壤沿深度的弹性有关）对模拟裂隙深度的影响,通过Minkowski密度（即面积密度、长度密度和欧拉数密度）量化分析裂隙形态。结果表明：试验与模拟裂隙图像的面积、长度、欧拉数密度及裂隙深度频率的决定系数在0.849～0.959之间,一致性指标在0.965～0.988之间,偏差在0.103～0.189之间,均方根误差在0.005～0.083之间,说明改进后的三维模型达到率定要求,该三维物理模型可以模拟出裂隙沿深度的拓展情况,模拟的表层裂隙形态特征符合自然裂隙的发育规律。敏感性分析中,纵向弹性系数越小,裂隙沿深度方向发育的趋势越明显,深裂缝（土深5～10 cm）的占比越大。研究可为模拟农田土壤裂隙沿纵向的发育和形成提供算法参考。     

提高农杆菌介导转化水稻效率的因素

 以3个籼稻品种和2个粳稻品种为对象，对农杆菌转化水稻过程中影响转化效率的因素进行了研究。结果表明，菌株AGL1和EHA105按一定比例混合共转化和转化前菌体重悬对抗性愈伤率有显著影响；琼脂粉加倍和超净工作台上风干4 h的方法因能明显提高抗性愈伤率和分化率而被认为是最适合的干燥培养方式；分化培养基中加入二甲基亚砜（DMSO）或脯氨酸（Pro）可以提高分化率；壮苗时加入适量的NAA有利于壮根并提高移栽成活率。应用此农杆菌转化系统，获得了一批经PCR和点杂交鉴定的转基因植株。     

Soil desiccation for Loess soils on natural and regrown areas

In the Loess Plateau, soil desiccation has become a serious problem for forest and grass vegetation. Soil desiccation leads to the formation of a dried soil layer (DSL). This paper presents the results of research carried out in the central part of the Loess Plateau. The objective of the research was to produce a statistically supported set of indicators for evaluating soil desiccation of forestlands, to present a heuristic idea for soil desiccation and to supply scientific support for replacing farmland with forest or grass in the Loess Plateau and other regions of China. Here, we suggest that more attention should be paid to soil desiccation and its effects on the ecosystem of the region in the future. The results showed that natural Quercus liaotungensis forestlands (NQF) retained more water content than regrown Robinnia pseudoscacia forestlands (RRF). Significant DSLs were formed in the RRF but not in the NQF. A possible reason for no formation of DSL in NQF could be due to the presence of an arbor–shrub–herb stand structure and large humus and litter accumulation, which increased the natural forest's (NF) adaptability to the environmental conditions. Soil water content in the north-facing slope was significantly larger than in the south-facing slope. DSLs formed in the 0–500 cm layer of the south-facing slope. When slope gradient was greater than 25°, soil water content deceased sharply and showed significant difference compared with 9°, 15° and 20° (P < 0.05). So, we conclude that plant species, aspect and slope angle could be the predicators for the formation of DSLs. The analysis on soil physical properties of 0–60 cm layer indicated that plant species, aspect and slope angle also have significant effects on bulk density, porosity, plant-available capacity, and hydraulic conductivity, especially in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers. In the NQF and RRF with north-facing slope, soil physical properties were improved.     

The influence of surface volcaniclastic layers from Haleakala (Maui, Hawaii) on soil water conservation

This study focuses on the soils and surficial volcaniclastic layers of Haleakala's crater (Maui, Hawaii). The main objective is to assess the effects of covers with fragments of various sizes (ash, cinder, lapilli) on soil water conservation. Soil and gravel samples were collected in Haleakala National Park from a site at 2505 m where the Hawaiian silversword, a giant rosette-plant, grows densely on pyroclastic materials. An evaporation experiment lasting 22 days showed a gradual drop in seven pairs of soil samples initially at field capacity. One set of samples was left bare, the other was covered by gravel mulches (GM); these resulted in lengthening of T_100% (total desiccation time) by a factor of 2.3–5.2. Bare soils dried after 70–140 h, but drying time under gravel was 246–509 h. Mean grain size (M_z) and sorting (φ_σ) had the greatest influence on evaporation rates. Coarse lapilli (M_z: 13.8 mm) were less effective than fine ash (M_z: 2.9–3.8 mm) in preventing water losses, while medium-grained cinder (M_z: 4–5.2 mm) produced the greatest water savings. Lapilli (mean φ_σ: 0.48) and ash (φ_σ: 0.6) were moderately- to well-sorted; cinders, with a broader grain-size range (φ_σ: 1.13), were poorly sorted. This allowed infilling of large interstices between coarse fragments by smaller grains, effectively reducing pore size and therefore evaporation rates. A second experiment determined water storage and rates of water loss by mulches. Wetting occurred swiftly, within 3–4 min. All gravel types were dry within 26 h. This drying process is important for water conservation, as it effectively prevents further water loss from the mulch surface. Larger fragments stored less water. This is related to their ‘surface area/weight' ratio, which increases for smaller particles. Thus, fine ash or cinder grains, with a high total area, intercept more water than larger lapilli. A 5-cm thick layer of ash intercepted an average of 6.8 mm of rain, slightly more than the same depth of cinder (6.3 mm), but lapilli retained only 4.7 mm. Therefore, light rainfall events are more likely to contribute water to soil under lapilli than below finer pyroclastic material. Volcaniclastic covers serve an important ecological role in Haleakala by prolonging periods of water availability to plants, thus allowing Hawaiian silverswords to grow for longer time spans.     

水解真空干燥法处理禽畜废弃物

提出了一种畜禽废弃物的处理方法——水解真空干燥法。水解真空干燥法是采用高温、高压进行消毒灭菌，通过抽真空来充分干燥物料的一种处理废弃物方法，对禽畜废弃物的病菌、病毒灭活较为彻底，处理过程安全可靠，能做到无害化处理；同时还可以最大程度保留废弃物中营养成分，可作为饲料添加剂。     

包装对龙眼果实贮藏期间果皮失水褐变和细胞超微结构的影响

研究了(10±1)℃和50%相对湿度贮藏条件下无包装和0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装的“福眼”龙眼果实果皮失水、果皮褐变和细胞超微结构变化。结果表明,无包装的龙眼果实采后极易失水导致果皮迅速褐变,且褐变随贮藏时间的延长和果皮失水率的增加而升高,果皮褐变指数与果皮失水率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。在龙眼果皮失水褐变过程中,果皮细胞的细胞器和膜系统的完整性受到严重的破坏。而聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装则显著减少了果皮失水和抑制果皮褐变,并保持较好的果皮细胞的细胞器和膜系统的完整性。据此认为,聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装抑制龙眼果实失水果皮褐变与其维持细胞器和细胞膜的完整性有联系。     

苦荞麦不同部位干燥后DNA提取效果的比较及薄壳性状关联SSR引物筛选研究

旨在为扩大苦荞麦DNA提取材料范围提供依据,筛选与薄壳性状相关联SSR引物,为苦荞麦特异性状分子标记奠定基础。分别以苦荞麦植株的子叶、嫩茎、嫩叶、老叶、老茎、叶柄为材料,40℃烘箱烘干后,采用植物DNA提取试剂盒,分别提取苦荞麦6个部位的基因组DNA,并进行DNA质量、浓度和纯度检测,利用700对SSR引物进行PCR扩增,筛选与苦荞麦薄壳性状相关联引物。结果表明：子叶提取的DNA浓度最高,为70.6 ng/μL;嫩茎次之,为69.6 ng/μL;老茎和叶柄获得的NDA浓度偏低,分别为20.0 ng/μL和7.2 ng/μL。采用子叶、嫩茎、嫩叶、老叶提取的DNA凝胶电泳条带清晰,采用老茎和叶柄提取的DNA凝胶电泳条带暗。SSR扩增效果除叶柄不能达到扩增要求外,其他没有明显差异都能达到扩增要求,可用于后续的分子实验。采用烘干组织提取DNA浓度虽然没有新鲜组织高,但除叶柄外都不影响后续分子试验。初步筛选出在薄壳和厚壳苦荞麦中具有多样性的SSR引物1对。     

Dry Matter Partitioning to Stem at Full Maturity Affects Stem Desiccation and Combine Harvest Maturity in Soybeans

Abstract

Days from full maturity to combine harvest maturity (DFC) is a major concern in combine harvesting of soybeans (Glycine max (L.)), especially in northern Japan, which has a short harvesting period. The combine harvest maturity, which was defined as the day at which the moisture content of the stem reached 30%, was analyzed using 7 soybean varieties for 3 yr in Hokkaido. There were significant differences in DFC among varieties (12 to 31 d) and among the 3 yr (16 to 25 d). DFC was closely associated with dry matter partitioning to stem (DMPS) at full maturity, that is, high DMPS increased DFC. The relationship between DMPS and DFC was examined by pod removal experiments conducted for 2 yr. In the soybean plants with high DMPS pod removal increased the stem desiccation period and DFC. These results indicated that DMPS at full maturity is an informative indicator for predicting the harvest maturity in the combine harvesting system.     

黄土高原退耕还林条件下的土壤干化问题*

介绍了土壤干化的概念及其对黄土高原生态环境的严重危害和对退耕还林还草工程的不利影响 ,说明了黄土高原地区土壤干化现象的出现是树 (草 )种选择不当和过分追求经济效益的结果 ,论述了黄土高原的植被建设几十年来没有取得成效的原因在于人类活动的逆向作用 ,包括植被类型选择失当 ,群落生产力过高 ,忽视了生物多样性在植被恢复演替中的重要作用等。这些不合理的措施一方面导致了大面积低效低产林的形成 ,另一方面又恶化了植被赖以生存的水分生态条件 ,加速了土壤干化现象的出现。由于其对植被建设的严重不良影响 ,必然影响到黄土高原生态环境的重建 ,在此意义上 ,解决土壤干化问题是目前退耕还林 (草 )工程面临的最为关键的课题之一。