水产甲壳动物的免疫防御机能及其免疫预防研究进展

对国内、外关于水产甲壳动物免疫防御机能及其免疫预防研究状况进行了综述。甲壳动物免疫细胞主要依靠吞噬和包围化作用发挥其防御机能，而酚氧化酶前体(proPO)活化系统、植物凝血素和杀菌素等免疫防御有关的液性因子主要起杀菌和促进细胞吞噬的作用。通过免疫接种诱导水产甲壳动物产生的免疫应答主要是非特异性免疫应答。     

Participation of lectins in crustacean immune system

Several lectins have been found in crustaceans, and it has been suggested that they play roles in cell signalling, cell–cell interaction, protein synthesis and pathogen recognition. These functions are performed through their specificity for carbohydrates. This review analyses the carbohydrate specificity, tissue distribution and participation in the immune responses of lectins in crustaceans. Furthermore, we explore some data showing that lectin expression seems to be stimulated by pathogens, favouring crustacean survival.     

Peptidase compensation in the digestive system of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei against dietary Kunitz‐type soybean trypsin inhibitor

The aim of this study was to assess the regulatory process of digestive peptidases of crustaceans in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). This naturally occurring inhibitor in soybean meal was used to inhibit the activity of digestive serine peptidases of the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In vitro, SBTI inhibited the total proteolytic activity and chymotrypsin activity by 65%. Trypsin activity was reduced by SBTI from 40% to 15% from 2 to 4 hr of incubation, which is the average time of residence of feed in the shrimp digestive system. During the bioassays, experimental groups were fed with increasing concentration of supplemental SBTI (1 g kg^?1 and 2 g kg^?1) and digestive gland and faeces of individual specimens were collected daily. At the end of the bioassay, peptidase activity of digestive gland and faeces was shown, revealing differential inhibition after feeding for 5 days. Several serine peptidases were observed in zymograms, showing a compensation effect on the digestive gland through the activation of peptidases from different catalytic type. These results provide evidence that the shrimp digestive gland can overcome the effect of SBTI by two adaptive mechanisms: synthesis of additional peptidases of the serine class and other unidentified peptidases.     

长江口邻近海域浮游十足类生态特征

摘要：根据2002~2003年长江口29°00´~32°00´N、122°00´~123°30´E海域4个季节的海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨了长江口邻近海域浮游十足类丰度的季节变化、水团对丰度分布的影响、优势种对总丰度的贡献以及其生态适应特征。结果表明,长江口邻近海域浮游十足类丰度季节变化主要受温度影响,平面分布变化主要受盐度影响。夏季平均丰度最高(10.42 ind/m3),主要集中在长江口羽状锋(122°40′~123°30′ E)处,冬季丰度最低（0.004 ind/m3）。中型莹虾(Lucifer intermedius)和细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)是最主要的优势种。夏季,中型莹虾的贡献率(0.97)远大于细螯虾(0.12)。中型莹虾平均丰度夏季最高(8.93 ind/m3),春季为0.28 ind/m3,秋季为0.14 ind/m3,冬季最低 (0.005 ind/m3)。细螯虾在春季平均丰度0.11 ind/m3, 夏季0.67 ind/m3,秋季0.13 ind/m3,冬季0.004 ind/m3。     

镉对虾蟹毒性效应的研究进展

镉是一种半衰期很长的重金属元素,在生物体内有累积作用[1]。大量的镉进入水体中会引起水生生物的急性或慢性中毒,对器官、系统产生毒性影响,造成畸变甚至死亡[2]。虾、蟹是重要的水生生物资源,近年来由于重金属造成的生态环境污染,使其生产和种质资源遭到严重破坏,其中镉污染引起虾、蟹中毒的情况多有发生,并可通过食物链危害到人类的健康。因此,镉对虾蟹毒性影响的研究越来越受到重视。1镉在虾蟹体内的积累与分布水体中的镉可以通过呼吸、消化、体表渗透等途径被吸收到水生生物体中[3],在体内富集后,只有极少量被排出体外[4],通过测定虾蟹…     

Idiopathic muscle necrosis in the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.): aetiology, pathology and progression to bacteraemia

The pathology and progression of idiopathic muscle necrosis (IMN) in Nephrops norvegicus and possible aetiologies have been investigated. Trawl capture, aerial exposure and handling initiate IMN, and the condition can be induced through periods of aerial exposure alone, in the absence of trawling. Within 24-48 h after trawl capture IMN progresses to a multi-species bacterial septicaemia, with moribund animals exhibiting clinical signs. The aetiology of this condition has been examined using molecular (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and biochemical (standard taxonomic assays, Biolog) criteria to characterize bacterial isolates from moribund and healthy animals. Histopathology of the IMN phase reveals a loss of sarcomeric structure with necrotic lesions containing pyknotic nuclei, fragments of myofibrils and connective tissue elements. In the bacterial phase there is extensive loss of abdominal muscle structure, and the presence of rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria in the degrading tissues. The results demonstrate that the IMN condition is connected to stressful conditions imposed on N. norvegicus, but involves no pathogenic agents. This is followed by an opportunistic bacterial infection that causes further tissue spoilage. It is believed that the primary cause of both IMN and bacteraemia is imposed stress, but they are expressed in different time courses.     

Evaluation of suitable temperature range for post‐harvest processing of mud crabs through cardiac performance

Measurements of either heartbeats or heart rate variability provide important information on metabolic changes and stress responses. In this study, we aimed to determine the suitable temperature conditions for maintaining product quality for post‐harvest processing of mud crab (Scylla serrata) through measuring cardiac performance. A bundle of implanted electrodes was used to record the electrocardiogram, from which the heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were derived to evaluate the physiological performances of the crabs under tying at different seawater temperatures. The lowest standard deviation of HR was detected at the seawater temperature of 18°C for the group of ascending temperatures and at 10°C for the group of descending temperatures. Lower HRV was detected at the range from 10 to 14°C. The results suggest that the temperature range of 14–18°C is suitable to reduce variability in heart rate and may decrease physiological stress. These conditions might help maintain the quality of live crabs during post‐harvest processing and transportation.     

Effects of fish meal replacement by meat and bone meal supplemented with garlic (Allium sativum) powder on biological indices,feeding, muscle composition,fatty acid and amino acid profiles of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Shortage of fish meal (FM) resources in the marine environment, high price and high demand for this ingredient led researchers to seek for alternative protein resources such as meat and bone meal (MBM). The effects of adding MBM and garlic powder to the shrimp diet on growth performance, muscle composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of whiteleg shrimp (5.00 ± 0.23 g) were investigated. A total of six dietary treatments were formulated: 0%MBM (control without garlic powder), 25%MBM and 50%MBM (treatments without garlic powder; WG treatments); 0%MBM+G (control with garlic powder), 25%MBM+G and 50%MBM+G (treatments with garlic powder; G treatments). Our results indicated that increase MBM level in the diets (up to 50%MBM) impaired growth performance, muscle composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles in the muscle of shrimp. Interestingly, garlic supplementation improved the aforementioned factors so that shrimp fed 50%MBM+G diet had no significant difference when compared to 0%MBM group. The current results indicated that garlic could increase levels of FM replacement by increasing feed intake, improving protein and amino acid utilization. Overall, 50%MBM+G diet is recommended for use in shrimp production.     

水生无脊椎动物血淋巴细胞分类及免疫研究进展

水生无脊椎动物的血淋巴细胞是机体免疫防御屏障的重要组成部分,但对不同水生无脊椎动物的血淋巴细胞分类和功能的研究整体上比对脊椎动物的研究落后。本研究中系统地归纳和综述了贝类、甲壳类、棘皮动物等水生无脊椎动物血淋巴细胞的分类及其免疫功能的研究进展,贝类血淋巴细胞的分类主要以染色后细胞质中颗粒物质的有无作为指标,一般分为颗粒细胞(granulocyte)和透明细胞(hyalinocyte),其防御机制主要通过包囊作用、伤口修复、吞噬作用等方面体现;甲壳动物血淋巴细胞的分类主要依据血淋巴细胞的形态特征和胞质中颗粒物质的有无、大小和密度等特征,一般将其分为无颗粒细胞(hyaline cell)、小颗粒细胞(semi-granular cell)和大颗粒细胞(granular cell),透明细胞和小颗粒细胞共同介导吞噬作用,小颗粒细胞还介导包囊作用,大颗粒细胞主要介导细胞毒作用;棘皮动物的细胞免疫主要由体腔细胞即变形吞噬细胞或颗粒细胞完成。建议未来应使用多种方法和技术以及结合血淋巴细胞表面受体对水生无脊椎动物血淋巴细胞进行分类和功能研究。