长期少免耕对中国东北玉米农田土壤呼吸及碳氮变化的影响

在黑土区37年不同耕作模式定位试验田,采用原位法比较常规旋耕灭茬起垄（CT）、旋耕留高茬行间深松-少耕（RT）、免耕（NT）和深翻（PT）4种耕作模式土壤呼吸速率及其与土壤温度和湿度的关系,测定土壤总碳氮、无机氮,微生物碳氮的变化。结果表明,玉米生育期间土壤呼吸呈单峰变化,开花期达最大值,生长季平均呼吸速率依次为RT > NT > CT > PT。4个处理土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率间存在显著指数关系。不同耕作模式0~10 cm土壤温度可解释土壤呼吸速率变异的38.3%~67.9%,温度敏感性系数Q10范围为2.1~5.3;RT和NT处理显著提高0~20 cm土壤碳氮含量;RT处理在0~20 cm土壤中微生物碳含量均高于CT、NT和PT处理。RT处理土壤呼吸对温度响应提高,RT和NT处理显著增加上层土壤总碳氮含量,利于土壤质量提升。     

吐鲁番秋延设施黄瓜病虫害绿色防控技术

为确保吐鲁番生态安全、农产品安全生产和重要农产品的有效供给,对秋延晚设施黄瓜病虫害的绿色防控技术进行探索及总结,主要内容包括农业措施（清洁棚室、高温闷棚、品种选择、合理间作、科学灌溉）、物理措施（防虫网、黄板诱杀）、生物措施（合理利用生物药剂）及化学措施（合理用药）,实现了减少化学防治2～8次,667 m2节约成本240元左右,经济、生态、社会效益显著,助力农户节本增收和当地特色农业提质增效。     

茎用芥菜新品种1年2代繁育研究初报

为了探索福建省茎用芥菜1年2代繁育技术,选择6个茎用芥菜品种,分别进行冬春季正常繁育和夏秋季高山加代繁育的2代繁育试验,并对比各品种2代繁育的生育期、株高、株幅和种子产量。结果表明：所有参试茎用芥菜品种只要通过打破种子休眠、衔接好2代繁育的播种期都能完成1周年2代繁育,夏秋季高山加代繁育的全生育期比冬春季正常繁育平均缩短约50 d;冬春季繁育比夏秋季高山加代繁育株高增加31.2%～132.9%,株幅增加1.5%～21.8%,所有参试品种冬春季繁育的种子产量都极显著高于相应夏秋季高山加代繁育,种子产量增加17.8%～153.6%。     

Response of industrial hemp to Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities under organic and conventional fertilisation

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities on industrial hemp yield and its components. Experiments were conducted as a split plot in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Factors were fertilisation (poultry manure, vermicompost and nitrogen fertiliser) as the main plot and weed density (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²) as the subplot. Results indicated that the maximum number of racemes per plant, seeds per raceme, 1000-seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index (HI) of industrial hemp were obtained using vermicompost and were reduced with nitrogen fertiliser application. All measured properties in hemp plants decreased due to increasing S. kali subsp. tragus density, especially at 15 and 20 plants/m². The most significant reduction in hemp grain yield and its components was observed by increasing weed density with the application of nitrogen fertiliser. The application of vermicompost at high weed densities resulted in greater hemp grain yield and its components compared with nitrogen fertiliser. It is recommended to apply organic fertilisers, especially vermicompost at high S. kali subsp. tragus densities.     

植物寄生线虫效应蛋白调控寄主防卫反应分子机制研究进展

 在植物寄生线虫与寄主互作过程中,线虫分泌器官如食道腺细胞分泌的效应蛋白在寄主细胞壁修饰和调控寄主免疫反应以及取食位点形成和维护中发挥着关键作用。解析植物寄生线虫关键效应蛋白的功能及其与寄主互作机制将为探索植物寄生线虫防控新策略提供重要的理论基础。本文从效应蛋白降解寄主细胞壁、调控寄主基础免疫反应、诱导免疫反应机制和介导翻译后修饰调控寄主免疫反应以及植物激素代谢途径的调控机制等方面进行了概述。     

小麦赤霉病自动监测预警系统应用效果评价

2018年在江苏、陕西、河南、湖北、安徽共18个县(市)安装了小麦赤霉病预报器,在周边设置未防治麦田进行赤霉病调查,并与预警软件平台预测结果相比较,评价小麦赤霉自动监测预警系统的准确性。评价结果表明,2018年该系统预测的准确性达71.8%。结合陕西省植保总站、西安市植保站、渭南华州区植保站、商洛洛南县植保站、安徽凤台县植保站2016年-2018年对该系统的评价结果,证实该系统预测准确性较高,系统工作稳定,自动化程度高,可为小麦赤霉病的科学防控提供重要的参考依据,具有一定的应用前景。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定大米、小麦和动物源食品中异丙隆及其代谢物脱甲基异丙隆残留

本研究建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)同时测定异丙隆及其代谢物脱甲基异丙隆在大米、小麦、牛肉、牛奶、鸡肉和鸡蛋的残留检测方法。样品经2%甲酸乙腈提取,以N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,利用乙腈和0.2%甲酸水作为流动相梯度洗脱,T3色谱柱分离,在多反应监测模式下定量分析,基质外标法定量。结果表明:异丙隆及其代谢物脱甲基异丙隆溶剂标准曲线和基质标准曲线在1~1 000μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99。在4个加标水平下,异丙隆日内平均回收率为74.0%~107.0%,相对标准偏差0.7%~12.9%;日间平均回收率为76.2%~108.7%,相对标准偏差1.1%~19.8%。脱甲基异丙隆日内平均回收率为76.9%~113.5%,相对标准偏差0.6%~13.9%;日间平均回收率为77.7%~107.4%,相对标准偏差2.2%~17.4%。异丙隆和脱甲基异丙隆的定量限均为1.0μg/kg。该方法简便、快捷、准确、灵敏度高,适用于异丙隆和脱甲基异丙隆在大米、小麦、牛肉、牛奶、鸡肉和鸡蛋6种基质中残留的检测,为解决异丙隆和脱甲基异丙隆在食品中残留的安全问题提供技术方法。     

黄连中盐酸小檗碱的提取纯化及抑菌活性研究

为了探究盐酸小檗碱在植物病原真菌方面的抑制作用,以黄连根粉为材料,采用酸水法提取和乙醇重结晶获得盐酸小檗碱纯品,采用生长速率法研究了盐酸小檗碱对常见植物病原菌的抑制活性。结果表明,盐酸小檗碱的提取率为3.3%,经高效液相色谱法测得其含量为93.56%;抑菌活性试验表明,盐酸小檗碱在100μg/mL时对玉米大斑病菌的抑制率达99.9%,EC_(50)为8.20μg/mL,表现出比药剂对照噁霉灵和百菌清更高的抑制活性;进一步的试验表明,与噁霉灵及百菌清相比,盐酸小檗碱对玉米大斑病菌的抑制作用具有持效期长的特点。     

露地栽培番茄斑萎病毒病发生流行规律调查及TSWV重要寄主植物监测

为明确云南省昆明市露地栽培条件下番茄斑萎病毒病的发生流行特征,于2014—2015年采用病害系统调查法结合病毒ELISA及RT-PCR检测方法研究露地栽培条件下由番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)引起的病毒病发生规律及其重要寄主种类,并研究利用防虫网隔离蓟马对番茄斑萎病毒病的防控效果。结果表明:番茄斑萎病毒病在露地番茄主要种植期3—10月普遍发生,番茄苗期和移栽初期是该病毒病防控的关键期,带毒种苗调运是该病毒病的主要传播途径;田间多种茄科和菊科植物是TSWV的重要中间寄主。在田间,菊科寄主植物油麦菜、莴苣、鬼针草、牛膝菊上TSWV的检出率均较高,在42.53%～81.63%之间;茄科寄主植物中辣椒上TSWV的检出率最高,为41.99%,其次为马铃薯,TSWV检出率为27.78%,在番茄上TSWV的检出率为19.02%,因此生产中应对这些TSWV重要中间寄主给予更多关注和防控。应用防虫网能有效隔离蓟马,使番茄斑萎病毒病发病率和病情指数较对照分别降低了6.44个百分点和5.31,可有效降低番茄苗期及定植期斑萎病毒病的发生。     

Analysis of green total factor productivity trend and its determinants for the countries along silk roads

In coping with increasing energy consumption and the consequential environmental pollution, green development is becoming an important part of social development. Since the inauguration of China’s Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative (BRI), economic cooperation between China and other countries along BRI has seen much growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the levels of green total factor productivity (GTFP) of the countries in the Silk Roads Economic Belt (B&R) and examine how these levels vary spatially and evolve temporally. In this paper, a panel regression analysis with DEA windows is used to study the spatiotemporal trends of the levels of GTFP. The results are: (1) The B&R countries have seen an increase in their overall levels of GTFP over time; (2) There are regional differences in the levels of GTFP, with higher efficiency in Western Asia and Central and Eastern Europe, and lower efficiency in Southeast and Central Asia; (3) The analysis of GTFP for countries in these regions shows that the efficiencies of most countries have been improving, with that of only a few countries have been decreasing; (4) By using regression analysis, we find that variables such as import, export, industrial structure, and urban affect the B&R countries with growing GTFP.