基于氮磷负荷的淡水池塘河蟹养殖容量估算

于2019年5—11月对4个河蟹淡水养殖实验池塘（T1、T2、T3和T4）水质及河道补给水源水质进行监测,基于氮磷负荷及尾水排放标准,采用2种模型对养殖容量和最佳养殖密度进行估算。结果显示：整个养殖周期内实验蟹塘TN均满足地表Ⅲ类水质标准,TP在养殖前期超标,末期优于Ⅲ类水质标准;以磷排放标准估算,T1、T2、T3和T4在1个养殖周期内的养殖容量分别为4 835、3 894、5 035和4 546 kg,养殖密度分别为12 012、12 249、12 154和16 770只/hm²,4个池塘均可大量增养;以氮排放标准估算,T1、T2、T3和T4在1个养殖周期内的养殖容量分别为3 786、2 999、3 948和3 401 kg,养殖密度分别为9 406、9 432、9 530和12 547只/hm²,T1、T2、T3均可增养50%以上,T4还可增养19.75%。结合4个实验池塘实际养殖状况,该养殖实验池塘河蟹养殖容量为2 006~2 598 kg/hm²,养殖密度为10 229~13 296只/hm²较为适宜;相较于磷排放标准,基于氮排放标准估算的养殖容量偏低,这可能与养殖池塘补给水源水质氮含量超标有关。     

Chemical Characterization of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Collagen Hydrolyzed Using Enzyme Preparation Derived from Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and Its Potential as a Core Component of Bacterial Culture Medium

The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) processing wastes are massive and unutilized in the Murmansk region of Russia. The samples of skin-containing waste of Atlantic cod fillets production were hydrolyzed using enzyme preparations derived from red king crab hepatopancreases, porcine pancreases, and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The activity of enzymes from crab hepatopancreases was significantly higher than the activity of enzymes derived from other sources. The optimal conditions of the hydrolysis process have been figured out. The samples of cod processing waste hydrolysate were analyzed for amino acid composition and molecular weight distribution. The samples of hydrolysate were used as core components for bacterial culture medium samples. The efficiency of the medium samples was tested for Escherichia coli growth rate; the most efficient sample had an efficiency of 95.3% of that of a commercially available medium based on fish meal. Substitution of medium components with those derived from industrial by-products is one of the ways to decrease a cost of a culture medium in biopharmaceutical drug production.     

Effects of diet and sediment type on survival, growth and moulting of juvenile tiger crab, Orithyia sinica L.

This study investigated the effects of different types of diet and sediment on the growth parameters of juvenile tiger crab Orithyia sinica under laboratory conditions, focusing on survival, growth and moulting. In the first set of experiments, juvenile tiger crabs were reared with five different types of sediment, i.e., soft sand, coarse sand, soft sand mixed with coarse sand, mud or bare bottom. Soft sand resulted in not only the highest survival rate of 78% but also the best rate of growth and feed intake. Crabs reared with a mud substrate showed the worst results in these parameters. The intermoult period, however, was not affected by sediment types. In the second set of experiments, crabs were fed different types of diet to determine their effects on the same growth parameters. Diets were composed of different combinations with Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), brine shrimp (Artemia nauplii), microencapsulated feeds and marine diatom (Chaetoceros gracilis). Survival and growth in crabs fed Manila clam as a diet component were significantly higher than in those on other diets. The highest survival and growth were achieved with a diet that included all four components. These results provide valuable information on the appropriate bottom substrates and diet types necessary for artificial mass culture of the tiger crab.     

Collection,Analysis, and Utilization of Biogas from Anaerobic Treatment of Crab Processing Waters

Abstract

Two laboratory-scale, upflow anaerobic reactors were constructed to treat blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) cooking wastewater for determination of the volume and composition of the resulting bio-gas. Both systems (A and B) consisted of two 4-liter (L) upflow anaerobic reactors and one 8-L aerobic reactor in series. The first anaerobic reactor of System A contained 240,12.7 mm foam cubes, while the first anaerobic reactor of System B contained 180 foam pieces (25.4 ×25.4 ×12.7 mm). Biogas production rates for System A ranged from 6.6 L gas/L feed to 10.0 L gas/L feed. Mean values for System B ranged from 7.1 L gas/L feed to 11.9 L gas/L feed. Methane and carbon dioxide comprised 68% and 28%, respectively, of the gas from both systems. Hydrogen sulfide averaged 1.5% and 1.4% for systems A and B, respectively. A pilot-scale biogas collection and utilization system was also constructed and successfully demonstrated. Details of the pilot-scale system design are provided in the paper to help processors better understand how the technology might be applied.     

“清苔灵”对河蟹、青苔及2种水草的毒性试验

[目的]探讨"清苔灵"对河蟹、青苔和2种水草的毒性。[方法]采用正交法和梯度法在添加水草和空白水体中加入"清苔灵",研究"清苔灵"对河蟹、青苔和2种水草的毒性。[结果]有蟹组"清苔灵"浓度达到30 mg/L时对河蟹无毒害作用,对水质影响有限。无蟹组高浓度"清苔灵"有稳定水体的pH的作用,氨氮、硫化氢和亚硝酸盐虽有较微升高,但对河蟹的生长影响不大。[结论]该研究可为"清苔灵"在河蟹养殖中的合理使用提供依据。     

河蟹生态养殖池塘溶解氧分布变化的研究

在晴天、强风和阴雨天等不同天气,对高温季节河蟹生态养殖池塘水草稀疏区和水草密集区的水体溶解氧进行昼夜测定,并对强风天,池塘上下风处溶解氧进行测定。测定结果显示,池塘水体溶解氧14:00～16:00最高,4:00～6:00最低。高温季节无风晴天10:00～16:00河蟹池塘上下水层存在热阻力现象,导致上下层溶解氧存在显著差异(P<0.05),14:00最大差值为10.4 mg/L;6:00底层溶解氧为0.2～2.5 mg/L。强风天,在风力作用下,14:00上下层溶解氧差异缩小;6:00底层溶解氧为1.2～4.9 mg/L。阴雨天,光照强度较弱,上下层溶解氧差异最小,14:00最大差值为3.4 mg/L;6:00底层溶解氧为0.6～1.0 mg/L。晴天、多云等天气,水草密集区水体溶解氧显著高于水草稀疏区(P<0.05),而阴雨天夜晚水草稀疏区溶解氧略高于水草密集区。强风天,16:00下风处溶解氧显著高于上风处(P<0.05);6:00下风处溶解氧略高于上风处,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。此结果表明河蟹生态养殖池塘内水草是主要的溶解氧生产者,也为池塘增氧设备的使用提供一定的参考。     

福建中南部近海四种主要作业蟹类种类组成及其分布特点

蟹类是福建海区重要的经济渔获种类之一。本文基于2009年1月-011年12月期间进行的蟹类调查资料,分析了福建中南部近海四种捕捞作业渔获物中蟹类的种类组成和分布特点。结果表明：福建中南部近海海域有蟹类94种,隶属16科、53属,以亚热带和热带的暖水性种为主,与南海关系最为密切,而与黄、渤海关系较为疏远。从蟹种分布区域看,这些蟹类在浅海均有分布,其中26．6％的蟹类既分布于浅海又分布于潮间带。从蟹种个体大小看,福建海区蟹类多数属于中小型种类。高强度捕捞加剧了对蟹类资源的破坏,因此需要调整捕捞作业结构,拓展外海蟹类捕捞作业,开展资源动态监测和苗种放流增殖工作,并实施TAC管理制度。     

Effects of different dietary vitamin E and astaxanthin levels on growth,fatty acid composition and coloration of the juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated containing two astaxanthin (AX; 0 and 90 mg/kg) and three vitamin E (VE) levels (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg). There were three replicates (18 crabs per replicate) for each treatment. Juvenile swimming crab (initial weight 31.65 ± 0.06 g/crab) were fed different diets for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, growth performance was not significantly affected by the different treatments. Crabs fed with AX‐supplemented diets showed more redness. Whole body 22:6n‐3, 22:4n‐6 and 20:5n‐3 levels increased with the dietary addition of AX (P = .009, P = .002 and p = .042, respectively). The malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations of fresh/frozen hepatopancreas and frozen muscle were significantly decreased by the dietary AX supplementation (p < .001, p = .010 and p = 0.011, respectively). These findings provide evidence that dietary AX has an ability to improve the redness of the shell and reduce the MDA concentrations of tissues. Furthermore, there is no strong interactive relationship between dietary VE and AX on the coloration and fatty acid concentrations for the swimming crab.     

Combined Effects of UVR and Temperature on the Survival of Crab Larvae (Zoea I) from Patagonia: The Role of UV-Absorbing Compounds

The aim of our study was to assess the combined impact of UVR (280–400 nm) and temperature on the first larval stage (Zoea I) of three crab species from the Patagonian coast: Cyrtograpsus altimanus, C. angulatus, and Leucippa pentagona. We determined the survival response of newly hatched Zoea I after being exposed for 8–10 h under a solar simulator (Hönle SOL 1200) at 15 and 20 °C. There was no mortality due to Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) or ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A, 315–400 nm), and all the observed mortality was due to ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–315 nm). The data of larval mortality relative to exposure time was best fit using a sigmoid curve. Based on this curve, a threshold (Th) and the lethal dose for 50% mortality (LD₅₀) were determined for each species. Based on the Th and LD₅₀, C. altimanus was found to be the most resistant species, while L. pentagona was found to be the most sensitive to UV-B. For both species of Cyrtograpsus, mortality was significantly lower at 20 °C than at 15 °C; however, no significant differences between the two temperature treatments were found in L. pentagona. Bioaccumulation of UV-absorbing compounds in the gonads and larvae of C. altimanus, and to a lesser extent in C. angulatus, might have contributed for counteracting the impact of UV-B. However, most of the resilience to UV-B observed with the increase in temperature might be due to an increase in metabolic activity caused by a repair mechanism mediated by enzymes.     

中华绒鳌蟹幼蟹生长数学模型的初探

中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｉｒ　ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）俗称河蟹，是我国重要的淡水经济蟹．近年来养殖的河蟹，幼蟹性腺早熟现象十分普遍．为了探讨幼蟹性腺早熟的生理机制及其与自然河蟹生长的差异，我们对自然生长河蟹、非早熟精养河蟹和早熟精养河蟹的体重、体长进行了定期的测量，从而得出它们各自的生长数学模型，进一步证明河蟹体重的增长符合Ｗ＝ａＲｂ的幂回归方程，Ｗ代表体重，Ｒ代表累积天数，以日期来表示．幼蟹暂养期：自然河蟹生长公式为ＷＳ７－自＝４．２６４ ９４９×１０－３Ｒ０．７５３２６，而早熟精养河蟹的生长公式为Ｗ８８＝１．４８２７７６１６×１０－４Ｒ２．０７５１５３．在蟹种期（幼蟹期），自然河蟹生长公式为Ｗ自＝３．０８０ ６２８×１０－８Ｒ４．３９０ ５３，非早熟精养河蟹生长公式为Ｗ８７＝５．３２５ ９７×１０－８Ｒ４．２５９２３９，早熟精养河蟹生长公式为Ｗ８８＝５．４６４４３６×１０－５Ｒ２．７１７５８。无论从ａ值和ｂ值来看，早熟精养河蟹与自然河蟹差异较大；而非早熟河蟹与自然河蟹差异则较小。从而我们可以认为从 ５月 ２４日（大眼幼体的第 ７天）至 ７月 １８日的 ５４ ｄ内，幼蟹增重过快、蜕皮过频是造成性腺早熟的重要原因．