Soil and plant analysis as methods for diagnosing micronutrient deficiencies

Abstract

Soil and plant analyses can be effectively used to detect and confirm suspected micronutrient deficiencies. The numbers of laboratories offering tests for the micronutrients has increased substantially in the last 10 years. Suitable soil tests have been developed for most of the micro‐nutrients. Although plant analysis is relatively new, its use is gaining wide acceptance as an effective means of evaluating the micronutrient status of plants and plant tissue. Considerable improvement in methodology has been a primary factor in the increasing use of soil tests and plant analyses as means of evaluating the micronutrient status of the soil‐plant environment.     

尉迟寺遗址文化层铅的地球化学特征及原始冶金文明矿料示踪

古遗址土壤形成物是研究古代人类活动的重要载体。通过对安徽蒙城尉迟寺遗址YC1剖面中Pb、Al等金属元素的分析,研究了Pb在5050cal a BP～4000cal a BP间剖面中的富集特征。结果表明,尉迟寺遗址文化层剖面中的铅富集系数变化范围为1·0～1·8左右,富集程度不是很高。但是随着时间的推移,从大汶口文化到龙山文化,Pb的富集系数有明显逐步上升的趋势,表明遗址剖面中的Pb很可能与原始社会中期发展起来的冶金活动有关。5050～4000cal a BP间,中国先后经历了石器时代、铜石并用时代,到最后进入青铜时代,这个过程中铜资源利用越来越多导致产生的大气粉尘铅越来越多,很可能是YC1剖面中Pb富集系数逐步增长的主要原因。此外,铅同位素结果表明,土壤206Pb/204Pb比值分布在18·3～19·8之间,平均为18·82;207Pb/204Pb比值分布在15·3～16·5之间,平均为15·76;208Pb/204Pb比值分布在38·0～41·0之间,平均为39·04。铅同位素示踪表明,土壤中的铅的来源自5050calaBP至4000calaBP有越来越广的趋势,并且很可能与出自中国南方地区的矿料有关,包括云南、四川、湖北、湖南或广东地区的矿料。     

Microstructure and properties of Mg Gd Y Zr Zn magnesium alloy with lower Gd content

Aiming at Mg Gd magnesium alloy with higher Gd amount may lead to the increase of cost and specific gravity,Mg 6Gd 3Y 0.4Zr x Zn alloys are prepared by solvent protection,Zn content is 1%、1.5%、2% respectively. The microstructures and mechanical properties of alloys are studied by optical microscope (OM)and scanning electron microscope (SEM),after solid solution treatment,hot extrusion and 200 ℃ aging treatment. The results show that after 200 ℃ aging treatment,the second phases in alloys have better refinement and distribution uniformity than those in solid solution state alloys,the tensile strength and yield strength of Mg 6Gd 3Y 0.4Zr 2Zn magnesium alloy is 403MPa and 336MPa,the elongation is 7.0%,the mechanical properties reached or approached those of Mg Gd Y magnesium alloy with higher Gd amount.     

不同形式的高铜对不同生长阶段猪生产性能的影响

选用50头"杜长大"断奶猪,分成5组(每组2个重复),分别按每kg基础日粮添加50 mg硫酸铜(Ⅰ组)、150 mg硫酸铜(Ⅱ组)、250 mg硫酸铜(Ⅲ组)、150 mg蛋氨酸铜(Ⅳ组)、250 mg蛋氨酸铜(Ⅴ组),分两阶段进行饲养试验。第一阶段从正试期到第11周,每4周称量1次。第二阶段从第12周开始,将第Ⅱ—Ⅴ组每组各自重新分出一组,组成加Ⅱ组、加Ⅲ组、加Ⅳ组、加Ⅴ组,每组各4头猪,喂给与第Ⅰ组相同的日粮,原第Ⅱ—Ⅴ组继续喂给与第一阶段相同日粮。直至猪出栏。试验结果表明:每kg日粮添加50～150 mg蛋氨酸铜以及添加250 mg硫酸铜对猪的生长均有促进作用,但添加蛋氨酸铜的作用要优于硫酸铜。此外,对于蛋氨酸铜和硫酸铜的添加剂量及其组合方式取决于猪的不同生长阶段。     

植物相关细菌铜抗性研究进展

围绕铜的生理作用及毒性、抗铜基因在植物相关细菌中的分布、植物相关细菌的抗铜机制、植物相关细菌铜抗性与动植物的关系、植物相关细菌铜抗性的应用等方面进行了概述.     

欧美杨渤丰1号高效组培再生体系建立

与白杨派树种相比,黑杨派树种一直因组培再生困难而限制了其在林木基因工程研究中的应用。本文以欧美杨优良新品种——渤丰1号为试验材料,以其再生培养基中的植物生长调节剂配比、铜离子浓度、光照强度、卡那霉素选择压等方面为切入点开展研究,建立了渤丰1号杨高效组培再生体系。使用该再生体系时,外植体的分化率和生根率均达100%,叶片的平均分化芽数多达20个以上,组培苗移植成活率可达98%,40 mg·L^-1卡那霉素可以抑制渤丰1号杨叶片的诱导与分化,20 mg·L^-1卡那霉素可以抑制渤丰1号杨不定芽的生根;同时发现铜(Cu)元素是渤丰1号杨外植体分化再生的一个关键因素,增加Cu²⁺浓度能显著促进不定芽的诱导和分化。     

钼暴露对小鼠繁殖性能及血清含铜酶的影响

将60只二月龄的清洁级ICR小鼠随机分成4组,每组雌性10只和雄性5只,雌雄分开饲养,饮水中加入不同剂量的钼（以Na2MoO4.2H2O形式）,分别是空白对照组、低钼组（100mg/L）、中钼组（200mg/L）、高钼组（400mg/L）。4周后雌雄合笼,产仔后从仔鼠中随机挑选雌性30只和雄性15只按原分组给予不同剂量的钼,8周后,再从每组中随机选取雌性10只和雄性5只合笼饲养,产仔至第4代,记录分娩率和每胎产仔数。第3代和第4代小鼠每组选取5只,眼球采血,分离血清,测定血清黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）、单胺氧化酶（MAO）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、铜蓝蛋白（CP）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）。试验结果表明高剂量钼能够颉抗体内的铜,使部分含铜酶活性下降,降低了小鼠繁殖性能,具体如下：（1）F1和F2代高剂量组分娩率显著低于其他组（P〈0.05）;（2）与对照组相比,试验组小鼠XOD活性、除中钼组外的F2代MAO活性、F2代中钼组SOD活性、F3代中钼组CuZn-SOD活力值和试验组CP活性均显著降低（P〈0.05）。可见高剂量钼可降低小鼠的繁殖性能,其作用机制可能是钼降低部分含铜酶的活性,导致小鼠抗氧化能力降低。     

不同消解处理方法测定土壤中铜、锌含量的比较研究

以5种土壤标准样品为试材,比较研究微波消解、高压消解和湿法消解3种不同消解前处理条件下,土壤中铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)测定值的准确性。结果表明:3种消解前处理方法的测定值均在其证书标准值范围内,但相较稳定性而言,特别是在对低浓度土壤的测定中,微波消解和高压消解的测定结果比湿法消解的更准确。     

铜对红色新几内亚凤仙观赏性的影响

以红花新几内亚凤仙幼苗为试材,采用砂培法,以不加铜的日本园试配方营养液为对照,研究3.2×10-9、3.2×10-7、3.2×10-6、3.2×10-5 mol/L不同浓度的铜对其叶片、开花性质及花瓣表皮细胞色素分布等观赏性的影响。结果表明:当营养液中铜浓度为3.2×10-7 mol/L时,红花新几内亚凤仙的花色最深、花瓣上表皮细胞内形成的色素数量最多;铜浓度为3.2×10-6mol/L时,红花新几内亚凤仙的开花数和花朵直径最大。     

Concentrations of copper, zinc and manganese in Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) at Jixi, Heilongjiang Province, China

Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) were measured in four tissues of Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) from three sites in Heilongjiang province, China, during four seasons. Among the four measured tissues (primary feathers, liver, heart, and pectoral muscle), the highest concentrations were found in feathers (Zn) or liver (Cu and Mn), and the lowest concentrations were in muscle, except Cu. For Mn, mean concentrations of the birds from the three study sites were, in decreasing order: Didao mining area (DMA) > urban district of Jixi (UDJ) > Phoenix Mountain national nature reserve (PMR, the reference site), but not for Zn and Cu. There were significant differences between metal concentrations at the three sites, but differences were not significant for Mn (in muscle and feathers) and Cu (in feathers). For most elements, the mean concentrations were greatest in summer.