割前摘脱收获机立式离心分离复脱清选装置优化

针对水稻割前摘脱脱出物草谷比低和处理量大的特点,为提高谷物脱出物的处理能力,设计了一种可循环喂入的立式离心分离复脱清选装置并对其进行了响应面优化试验。以喂入速度和螺旋输送器转速为影响因素,以分离率、复脱率和破碎率为试验指标,通过二次正交旋转中心组合试验得到了其性能指标和工作参数的响应曲面模型。利用Design-Expert软件分析各参数对性能指标的交互作用可知,输送器转速对分离率、复脱率和破碎率的影响较大,而喂入速度则较小。通过多目标优化,得到最佳工作参数:输送器转速541.4 r/min、喂入量1.226 kg/s;在该参数组合下的期望结果:分离率为90.4%、复脱率为66.1%、破碎率为0.77%;在该参数组合下的验证性试验结果:分离率为89.4%、复脱率为65.2%、破碎率为0.83%。结果表明立式离心分离复脱清选装置处理效率高,谷物损伤小,能够适应对割前摘脱脱出物的处理要求。     

基于信息融合的农业自主车辆障碍物检测方法

针对单一传感器在智能车辆环境感知中的局限性,提出一种基于摄像机与激光雷达信息融合的农业自主车辆前方障碍物检测方法。对单目摄像机获取的图像进行基于Ft（Frequency-tuned）算法的显著性检测,并生成显著图。同时对激光雷达反射点进行基于数据关联性评估的聚类分析,确定障碍物数量、边界与位置等先验信息。然后以激光雷达坐标相对应的图像像素坐标为种子点,由种子点激活经过处理的显著图,基于受限区域生长实现障碍物区域分割。试验结果表明,基于Ft算法的图像显著性检测具有更好的边缘检测效果,基于种子点的受限区域生长法可以有效地进行障碍物分割。在机器视觉的基础上融入激光雷达数据,可以更好地排除非障碍物的干扰,实现了障碍物的完整检出。     

不同盐胁迫对滴灌棉花生理生长及产量的影响

为探明不同程度轻度盐胁迫对滴灌棉花光合生理、生长指标及产量的影响,采取桶栽的方式人为设置不同土壤含盐量,研究了6种不同盐胁迫(CK:1.5g/kg,T1:3.0g/kg,T2:4.0g/kg,T3:5.3g/kg,T4:6.2g/kg,T5:7.3g/kg)处理下棉花的生理生长及产量的变化规律,为新疆轻度盐碱地棉花栽培管理提供理论基础。结果表明,随着盐胁迫程度的增加及胁迫时间的延长,棉花光合生理指标均呈下降趋势(P0.01)。T1、T2处理对棉花净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)及叶片水分利用效率(WUE)的影响不显著(P0.05),而T3、T4及T5处理对光合生理指标具有显著抑制性(P0.05);生育前期盐分胁迫下P_n与T_r、G_s、C_i均呈下降趋势,而L_s值随着盐胁迫的增加呈升高趋势。吐絮期的P_n、G_s、_Ls均小于蕾期,而C_i却大于蕾期;株高、叶面积在生育前期受到盐胁迫的影响显著,到生育后期T2、T3处理株高、叶面积增长迅速,最大值均为T3处理;T1、T2较CK处理对棉花产量及单株铃数、单铃质量影响不大,T3处理产量迅速降低,通过分段耐盐函数得到棉花在0—40cm土层全生育期的耐盐临界值为5.441 9g/kg(St)、耐盐极限值为44.201 6g/kg(S0);产量与P_n、WUE、株高(H)、叶面积(S)拟合程度较好,相关系数分别为0.69,0.73,0.50和0.72。综合分析,与中、重度盐分胁迫相比,轻度盐胁迫下导致棉花光合速率下降的原因生育前期为气孔限制因素,生育后期为非气孔限制因素,光合参数与盐胁迫程度关系密切,而棉花产量又表现出与光合作用指标具有较好的相关关系。     

Replacement of Fishmeal by a Mixture of Soybean Meal and Chlorella Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mixture of soybean meal and Chlorella meal (SCM) as a dietary fishmeal (FM) substitute on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), digestive enzymatic activities, and histology of juvenile crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 0 (SCM0), 25 (SCM25), 50 (SCM50), 75 (SCM75), and 100% (SCM100) of protein from FM with SCM, respectively. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile crucian carp for 6 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, and intestinal digestive enzymatic activities (amylase, trypsin, and lipase) tended to decline with increasing FM replacement levels (P > 0.05). Dietary SCM substitution significantly influenced dry matter content in muscle, and crude protein and lipid contents in liver (P < 0.05). ADCs for dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, and most amino acids showed no significant differences between the control and SCM25 group, but tended to decline with replacement levels over 25%. Higher SCM substitution (50–100%) caused karyopyknosis and necrosis in liver, but intestinal histology did not show noticeable pathological changes. The present study indicated that FM could be replaced by 25% of SCM, without significant adverse growth performance, feed utilization, and histology of crucian carp.     

Effects of Dietary Lipids on the Growth Performance,Survival, and Digestive Enzymes of Juvenile Cuttlefish,Sepia lycidas

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary lipids on the growth performance, muscle composition, and enzyme activities of the stomach, intestines, and liver of Sepia lycidas juveniles. Fish oil and soybean lecithin were selected as lipid sources to formulate six experimental diets containing lipid levels of 3.68, 4.15, 6.62, 8.09, 9.56, and 11.03%. The feed efficiency first declined and then rose, with the lowest value obtained in individuals fed the 8.09% lipid content diet; the protein efficiency ratio significantly decreased with an increased lipid level. The highest crude protein content and lowest crude lipid content were simultaneously obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid content diet. The activities of pepsase, trypsin, and intestine lipase initially increased before decreasing. The highest activities of protease, trypsin, and lipase were obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid content diet, while the highest activity of amylase was obtained in individuals fed the 6.62% lipid content diet. Hepatic glutamate pyruvate transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase initially increased and then held steady, with the highest activities simultaneously obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid diet. Our results suggest that dietary lipids at a level of 9.56% could be the optimal lipid requirement for S. lycidas to grow and maintain normal metabolism.     

基于博弈论赋权的灌溉用水效率GRA—TOPSIS评价模型

在构建区域灌溉用水效率综合评价指标体系的基础上,运用博弈论(Game theory,GT)思想将层次分析法(Analytic hierarchy process,AHP)所得主观权重与改进熵值法(Improved entropy value method,IEVM)所得客观权重进行综合集成以获取组合权值,并将灰色关联分析(Gray relation analysis,GRA)与逼近理想解排序(Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)相结合,以三江平原10个大型灌区为例进行验证,对区域灌溉用水效率作综合评价。采用Spearman等级相关系数检验灌溉水有效利用系数排序与GRA-TOPSIS法排序,得到的相关系数高达0.863,且GRA-TOPSIS法、GRA法、TOPSIS法对同一灌区综合排序的位次相差均不超过2,表明评价结果具有合理性和一致性;GRA-TOPSIS法所得综合值的极差为0.343,变异系数为0.267,均高于单独使用GRA法或TOPSIS法的极差与变异系数,更有利于对灌区灌溉用水效率进行辨识分区。此外,根据目标层与准则层排序差异度将灌区分为3类,辨识各灌区灌溉用水效率主控因子,对区域灌溉用水效率发展策略的制定具有参考价值。     

新一轮退耕还林问题与对策——以江西省赣州市为例

通过实地调研与分析,从赣州市新一轮退耕还林实施过程中面临的用地难、农户退耕积极性不高、投入不足等实际问题出发,针对性地提出相应的对策与建议,从而为今后赣州市新一轮退耕还林工作的顺利开展提供参考依据。     

Phosphorus availability of sewage sludge‐based fertilizers determined by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique

The plant‐availability of phosphorus (P) in fertilizers and soil can strongly influence the yield of agricultural crops. However, there are no methods to efficiently and satisfactorily analyze the plant‐availability of P in sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers except by undertaking time‐consuming and complex pot or field experiments. We employed the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique to quantify the plant P availability of various types of P fertilizers with a novel focus on sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers. Mixtures of fertilizer and soil were incubated for 3 weeks at 60% water holding capacity. DGT devices were deployed at the beginning of the incubation and again after 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Two weeks of incubation were sufficient for the formation of plant‐available P in the fertilizer/soil mixtures. In a pot experiment, the DGT technique predicted maize (Zea mays L.) biomass yield and P uptake significantly more accurately than standard chemical extraction tests for P fertilizers (e.g ., water, citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate). Therefore, the DGT technique can be recommended as a reliable and robust method to screen the performance of different types of sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers for maize cultivation minimizing the need for time‐consuming and costly pot or field experiments.     

长期免耕对不同土层土壤结构与有机碳分布的影响

为探明长期翻耕与免耕条件下不同土层深度土壤结构稳定性及其有机碳分布特征,在长期定位试验中分层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm)采集免耕和常规耕作处理下混合土样和原状土样进行土壤结构与有机碳的测定,结果表明:(1)随着土层的加深,0.5~2.0 mm和大于2.0 mm粒级团聚体含量表现为逐渐降低的趋势,而其他粒级团聚体含量呈增加趋势。免耕更利于提高大粒级团聚体(0.5 mm)的含量,且土壤结构的稳定性显著提高,其作用深度在50 cm以上。(2)随着土层的加深,土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均表现为先增加后降低再趋于稳定的趋势。免耕处理在0~80 cm土层的土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均高于常规耕作处理。(3)随着土层的加深,不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量呈降低趋势,大粒级团聚体中含有较高的有机碳。免耕更利于0~40 cm土层不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量的提高。随着土壤团聚体粒级的降低,土壤活性有机碳含量呈降低趋势。与常规耕作相比,除0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体外,免耕提高了0~20 cm土层各粒级团聚体中活性有机碳含量。(4)随着土层的加深,各粒级团聚体中有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献率表现为先降低后增加再降低的趋势。不同粒级团聚体中,大于2.0 mm和小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率在0~100 cm土层均低于其他粒级团聚体。在0~20 cm、30~40 cm和90~100 cm土层,免耕处理各粒级团聚体有机碳累积贡献率均高于常规耕作。     

植物生长调节剂对忍冬科植物生根的影响

【目的】为提高忍冬科(Lonicera)植物在兰州地区的扦插成活率,缩短其生根时间和育苗周期.【方法】以3种忍冬科植物为材料,研究不同质量浓度(50、100 mg/L)下3种植物生长调节剂吲哚乙酸(IAA)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)和萘乙酸(NAA)在不同处理时间(30、60min)对其扦插生根的影响.【结果】IAA和IBA对天目琼花生根率的影响最大,对金叶接骨木生根数量的促进作用最大,对天目琼花和蓝叶忍冬根的伸长具有抑制作用.NAA对金叶接骨木、天目琼花、蓝叶忍冬的生根率的促进作用不显著(P0.05),对金叶接骨木和蓝叶忍冬根伸长的促进作用不显著(P0.05),但对天目琼花根的伸长具有显著的促进作用(P0.05).在进行苗木扦插繁殖时,为获得较理想的扦插效果,要根据所采集母条的生长特性在特定的时间采集半木质化的嫩枝,同时选用适当的植物生长调节剂和质量浓度,以提高扦插的成活率.【结论】3种植物生长调节剂对3种忍冬科植物的生根率、生根数量及根长的影响存在差异.