Determinants of parr size variations within a population of brown trout Salmo trutta L.

Abstract – The size of 2-month old trout Salmo trutta parr differed between sites and between years along the River Esva catchment (Asturias, northwestern Spain). Such variation was in a direction opposite to the variation observed in parental size. Parr were smaller in sites where parents grew faster, whereas larger parr occurred in sites where parents grew less. Parr size of six cohorts (1990–1996, except 1995) at 14 sites along the River Esva was inversely related to the growth rate and length of parents and positively related to canopy, egg size, and water temperature. The latter acted similarly on all parr independently of egg size and the site where the egg originated. Covariation patterns among parr size, parental traits, and canopy suggest that a canopy-regulated, growth-determined trade-off between egg size and number, previously described for the Esva trout, also extends to alevin size. In forested, shaded sites, adult trout grew less and spawned fewer larger eggs that resulted in larger alevins, whereas in fully insolated, production-rich sites, trout grew faster and spawned higher numbers of smaller eggs that produced smaller parr. I hypothesize that the phenotypic plasticity illustrated by the environmentally induced trade-off between egg size and number further extended to alevin size may be evolutionarily advantageous because it relates the size of trout alevins to food availability, as predicted by the growth previously experienced by parents. ^NOTE     

高寒草地西北针茅生长发育特征及与气象因子的关系

利用1999～2009年连续11年的定位观测数据,研究了高寒草地西北针茅的生长发育特征与气象因子的关系。结果表明,在3月中旬,如果气温升高,返青日会推迟,这主要因为高温促使土壤水分蒸发,而土壤干旱阻碍返青;返青后,如果≥0℃的积温不足或累计日照时数不足,针茅的抽穗期会推迟;开花期的当日平均气温在10～20℃,如果抽穗-...     

高温胁迫下外源氨基酸对荞麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以荞麦新品种川荞3号和抗逆品种川荞4号为试验材料,研究了高温胁迫下外源氨基酸对荞麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为荞麦抗高温胁迫生理研究提供依据。结果表明,适当浓度外源谷氨酸和天冬氨酸处理可明显提高高温胁迫下荞麦种子发芽率及幼苗鲜质量、根系活力和叶绿素含量。其中,40μmol／L谷氨酸处理下川荞3号种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量比高温胁迫处理（CK2）增加了50.36％、39.31％、46.71％、44.54％,川荞4号增加了30.93％、24.97％、37.83％、38.46％;20μmol／L天冬氨酸处理下川荞3号种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量比CK2增加了69.31％、65.68％、73.23％、61.88％,川荞4号增加了52.33％、47.39％、68.91％、54.37％,且天冬氨酸处理能使川荞4号种子发芽率和幼苗根系活力恢复至常温水平,以上浓度氨基酸处理时川荞3号增加幅度较大,天冬氨酸处理效果优于谷氨酸处理。     

论我国刑事诉讼中自由心证制度确立的现实困扰

我国刑事证明的传统观点认为,我国实行的是事实求是的证据制度,并不愿意正面承认自由心证在我国诉讼证明中的地位。但事实上,我国对于证据证明力的评价本质上依旧是自由评价与自由判断,因此,自由心证制度在我国刑事诉讼中的确立就成为必然,但我们也不能否认在该制度确立的过程中需要克服种种现实困扰:观念层面上的、制度层面上的和理论层面上的。     

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Hydrolyzed Wheat Gluten on Growth Performance,Cell Immunity and Serum Biochemical Indices of Weaned Piglets （Sus scrofa）

To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with hydrolyzed wheat gluten (HWG) on growth performance, cell immunity and serum biochemical indices of weaned piglets, 160 crossed (Large White×Landrace) and weaned piglets were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 4 replicates of 10 piglets each. The piglets in each treatment were fed an experimental diet containing either 0 g kg-1 HWG (control group), 30 g kg-1 HWG (3% HWG group), 50 g kg-1 HWG (5% HWG group), or 2.5 g kg-1 glycyl-L-glutamine (0.25% Gly-Gln group). The results showed that the diarrhea rates in 3% HWG and 5% HWG groups were significantly lower than in control group from d 1 to 14 (P＜0.05), while the average daily gain (ADG) in each of two groups was increased (P＞0.05). When compared with control group, dietary supplementation with 3% HWG increased the ratio of CD4+:CD8+ and the ratio of serum albumin and globulin concentrations (A:G) on d 14 and 28, as well as the proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes (P＞0.05) on d 28. In addition, on d 14 and 28, the A:G ratio in 5% HWG group was significantly higher than in control group (P＜0.05), while the ratio of CD4+:CD8+ increased slightly (P＞0.05). Interestingly, 0.25% Gly-Gln group had higher proportion of CD3+ (P＞0.05) and CD4+ (P＜0.05) on d 14 than control group, but growth performances of 0.25% Gly-Gln group were negatively affected at all experiment stages. These results suggested that HWG might improve the growth performance of piglets by strengthening cell immunity and decreasing the occurrence of diarrhea during the prophase after weaning.     

Effects of time and concentration on mortality of phosphine-resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) fumigated with phosphine

The effects of exposure period and phosphine concentration on mortality of susceptible and resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) were investigated. Although S oryzae is one of the world's most serious pests of stored grain there are few data on the practical significance of phosphine resistance in this species. The strains investigated were an Australian susceptible strain, a homozygous resistant strain exhibiting a level of resistance common in Australia and an unselected field strain from China with a much stronger resistance. Fumigations were carried out at 25 degrees C on adults and mixed-age cultures. For adults of all three strains and mixed-age cultures of the susceptible and resistant Australian strains, the relationship between concentration and time could be described by equations of the form Cnt = k. In all cases n < 1, indicating that time was a more important variable than concentration. In all fumigations of adults the resistant strains were harder to kill than the susceptible strain. However, in fumigations of mixed-age cultures, which contained the tolerant pupal stage, the difference between susceptible and resistant strains was more pronounced at lower concentrations than higher concentrations. For example, at 0.02 mg litre-1 the estimated LT99.9 for mixed-age cultures of the Australian resistant strain (27 days) is 3.4 times that of the susceptible strain (8 days), but at 1 mg litre-1 there is no difference between the two strains (4 days). Limited data on the Chinese resistant strain supported this finding. Twenty-three days exposure at 0.02 mg litre-1 had no effect on mixed-age cultures of this strain, but there were no survivors after 5 days exposure to 1 mg litre-1.     

虾夷马粪海胆早期生长发育的遗传力估计

以虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)为亲本，采用不平衡巢式设计方法和人工授精技术，每个雄性海胆配5个雌性海胆，每个雌性个体产生若干幼体，构成了11个父系半同胞家系和35个母系全同胞家系，分别测定了每个母系孵化后生长到3月龄和5月龄的全同胞幼海胆40-50个后代的体重和壳径，应用数量遗传学原理和半同胞组内相关分析法研究了虾夷马粪海胆早期生长发育性状的遗传力。结果表明，3月龄和5月龄的海胆体重的狭义遗传力估计值为0．339-0．523，壳径的狭义遗传力估计值为0．316-0．487。分析结果显示，雌性遗传方差组分均显著大于雄性遗传方差组分，雌性遗传方差组分存在显著的母性效应，表明由雄性遗传方差组分估计的遗传力准确可取，父系半同胞组内相关法计算的狭义遗传力是遗传力的无偏估计值。     

不同光质照射下真姬菇的生长发育与光受体的响应表达

采用5种不同光质光源,分别对真姬菇(Hypsizygusmarmoreus)的菌丝、原基和子实体进行照射,检测菌丝生长速度、原基形成数量、子实体菌柄长度、菌柄直径、菌盖直径以及产量等。结果显示:真姬菇菌丝在黑暗和红光下生长较快,在红绿蓝复合光下生长最慢;在蓝光下形成的原基数量最多,而在红光下原基数量最少;子实体阶段,黑暗下菌柄的长度及直径最大,绿光下菌柄长度及直径最小;而在蓝光和红绿蓝复合光下菌盖直径最大。相同培养时间,真姬菇在黑暗和蓝光下产量较高,在绿光下产量最低。进一步检测真姬菇光受体基因WC1和WC2在不同光质条件下的差异表达。结果表明,在菌柄中WC1在黑暗下表达量最高,WC2在蓝光下表达量最高;而在菌盖中WC1和WC2均在蓝光下表达量最高。     

双季稻区晚稻“籼改粳”品种筛选

【目的】研究双季稻区晚稻季条件下,不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期、温光利用差异及其相互关系,为双季稻区适宜品种的选用提供科学依据与技术支撑。【方法】2010-2013年,在长江中游双季稻地区（江西上高）,以杂交粳稻（包括籼粳交偏粳型杂交稻、籼粳交偏籼型杂交稻和粳型杂交稻）、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻3种类型水稻品种为试验材料,采用湿润育秧大苗移栽方式,系统比较双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期、温光利用差异及其相互关系。【结果】双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量表现为杂交粳稻＞常规粳稻＞杂交籼稻的趋势,差异显著或极显著。与杂交籼稻相比,4年杂交粳稻的实产增产率为19.20%-28.95%,常规粳稻实产增产率为9.21%-12.17%;通过足量的群体穗数与较大的穗型协调形成足够的总颖花量,并有保持较高的结实率和千粒重,是粳稻综合改良产量结构获得高产的基本途径。杂交粳稻和常规粳稻各生育期均相应推迟,且两者生育期亦延长,其中杂交粳稻生育期平均延长17.1 d,常规粳稻生育期平均延长9.5 d。不同类型品种生育期积温和光照时数及其不同生育阶段温光利用率均表现出杂交粳稻＞常规粳稻＞杂交籼稻的趋势,其中杂交粳稻生育积温和光照时数及其利用率最多,分别为3713.3℃、931.9 h、90.9%、93.5%。【结论】双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期及温光利用的差异大,适宜的粳稻品种可充分利用生育期长优势,提高温光资源利用率,最终提高产量。据此按照全国粳稻生产发展规划的要求,综合考虑双季稻接茬特点与热量条件以及栽培轻简化机械化的需求,筛选出一批适合当地种植的晚粳稻高产品种,供大面积生产选用,即甬优538、甬优8号、甬优2640、甬优1538、甬优1540、长江19、长江21、小叶迟熟、镇稻5108。     

东海带鱼年龄与生长的研究

本文利用2002年12月～2004年8月在东海中北部(27°～34°N、126°E以西)所获取的带鱼渔获样品,共采集788ind,每月对带鱼矢耳石生长轮计测和带鱼样品基础生物学测定,研究带鱼年龄与生长之间的关系。结果表明,目前东海群系带鱼呈现出较以往任何时期低龄化和生长加快的渔业生物学特征;体重与肛长的关系性别间无明显差异;该群系的生长其性别间无显著差异,雌雄合并估算的vonBertalanffy生长参数L∞=493.3mm,K=0.346/yr,t0=-0.387yr。