ON THE PROBLEM OF SWITCHING CONDITIONS FOR A KIND OF MINIMUM-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS

The paper provides a detailed study of switching conditions of minimum-time control systems based on application in engineering. By analysis in theory and experiment, the authors deduce a set of switching conditions with state and control variabes inequality constraints, the variations of system parameters and the time-delay of computer in real time control. As an example, a DC motor speed control system is considered. By digital simulation and physical experiments,these conditions proved to be correct. The method in this paper is also suitable for other control systems using compound control algorithm.     

Application of the Method of Ordinary DifferentialEquations in Multiobjective Programming

In the author's previous works,a methed of ordinary differential equations forsolving multiobjective programming problem had been presented. In this paper, we further use ordi-nary differential equatfons to discuss the general multiobjective programming Problem and its con-straints more deeply. Under certain conditions, starting from some neibourhood of any feasible solu-tion of multiobjective programming problem, along the trajectory of the established system of ordi-nary differential equations,the solution is always conversent to the(weak)efficient solution of theoriginal multiobjective programming problem with respect to partial arguments.     

Surface Reconstruction and Application Based on Shape Constraints

On the base of the fairing of free-form surface reconstruction from 3D data points, this paper probes one method based on shape constraints. By making physical model as objective function and using geometric constraints, free form surface reconstruction is realized based on the idea of energy optimization. This method is not only beneficial to the connection of the reconstruction surface and CAD/CAM system, but also to the integration of design, manufacturing and inspection.     

The Approximate Method of Quadratic Function With Mixed Constraint

A reduced method to solve the problem with equality constraints is given. Based on the reference we use nonlinear equality constraints, the approximate algorithm is obtained. The nonlinear programming of quadratic function with equality and unequality constraints is discussed by Wang kairong. We transform unequality constraints into equality constraints by add to relaxation variable, the quadratic programming is obtained by linear approximation, and approximate calculation is done by means of reduced method. The result of numerical calculation shows the method is feasible.     

Economic contribution of participatory agroforestry program to poverty alleviation: a case from Sal forests, Bangladesh

In the Forest Department of Bangladesh, a Participatory Agroforestry Program (PAP) was initiated at a denuded Sal forests area to protect the forest resources and to alleviate poverty amongst the local poor population. We explored whether the PAP reduced poverty and what factors might be responsible for poverty alleviation. We used three poverty measurement methods: the Head Count Index, the Poverty Gap Index and the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index to determine the extent poverty reduction. We used a linear regression model to determine the possible differences among factors in poverty reduction. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and face to face interviews within the study area. PAP proved effective at poverty alleviation, considerably improving the local situation. The linear regression model showed that PAP output explained the income differences in poverty reduction. Participants identified bureaucracy and illegal money demands by forest department officials, an uncontrolled market system, and underdeveloped road infrastructure as the main obstacles to reduction of poverty. Overall, PAP is quite successful in alleviating poverty. So this program might be ofinterest at other degraded forest areas as a tool to alleviate poverty.     

Effects of administrative land-use and technical land-form constraints on timber production at the landscape level

Abstract

This study quantified, across a landscape in Eastern Finland, the influence of administrative land-use and technical land-form constraints on timber production. Spatially explicit data about the nature conservation areas, land use plans and steep slopes were integrated with Multi-source National Forest Inventory (MS-NFI) data. The Finnish forestry model MELA was used in the calculations related to updating forest data and estimating different scenarios of timber production with and without constraints. In the study area, the annual volume of maximum sustainable cutting removal defined for the next 30 years was decreased by one-third due to restrictions. The presented approach could be used, for example, to assess timber availability at the landscape level. Future challenges include ensuring the compatibility of spatially explicit data obtained from different sources, identifying the feasibility of forest management operations in the restricted area, and incorporating near-nature forest management operations in the forest planning system in order to estimate the timber production.     

Barriers to adaptation: Insights from Laamu Atoll,Maldives

Although adaptation to climate change is becoming increasingly recognised as an unavoidable priority, barriers are consistently encountered and reported. Identifying, analysing and overcoming these barriers is essential for ensuring that, as climate change worsens, adaptation capacities are not exceeded. Despite current studies providing a useful structuring heuristic to guide inquiry, there is a significant gap related to explanations around barrier occurrence and how to overcome them. In response, this article, based on semi‐structured stakeholder interviews, aims to provide preliminary insights into the type of barriers that exist in Laamu Atoll, the Maldives and explore any interdependencies between them. This study found that a range of resource barriers (i.e. funding, physical and human resources in outer islands and data on vulnerable groups) and social barriers (i.e. political/institutional and organisational constraints and inefficiencies, marginalisation and power differences as well as cognitive elements) were hampering adaptation. In exploring the interdependencies that exist between these barriers, the nature of their occurrence, persistence and entry points for resolution were also identified.     

作物产量差研究进展

随着人口的增加以及生活水平的提高,人们对粮食的需求不断增加,因此增加粮食产量、确保粮食安全仍是未来永恒不变的课题。近年来随着育秧、覆膜等技术的应用,灌溉、施肥技术措施的提高以及作物品种的更替和技术的进步等使得农作物产量呈现增加的趋势。即便如此,作物实际产量与其潜在产量间仍然存在较大差距,而这种现象广泛存在于世界各国的农业生产中。文章在阐述产量差内涵的基础上,对目前国内外产量差的研究方法及主要研究进展等方面进行了综述,并对未来产量差的研究做了展望,以期为进一步开展产量差研究提供科学参考。产量差概念发展至今,虽然众多学者都对其做了不同的定义及阐述,但总体而言,作物的最大产量水平为潜在产量,实际产量与潜在产量之间的产量差为该作物的总产量差。造成作物产量差的原因主要包括不可能应用到田间的技术和环境因子、生物因素（品种、病虫害等）和经济因素（投入产出比）、政策、文化水平及传统观念等。为了进一步解析作物产量差,前人根据研究目的的不同,划分了不同等级的产量差。目前国内外产量差的研究方法主要有试验调查统计分析法和作物模拟模型法。前者概念简单,可操作性强,但是要求足够的试验数据,试验费用大,周期长;后者可以设置更多的情景和处理,但难以精确定量实际生产中的所有管理措施。因此,在实际进行产量差研究中,可综合利用统计方法、作物模拟模型及遥感方法,充分发挥各种方法的优势。世界各地主要作物产量差的研究结果显示,发达国家因栽培管理水平相对较高,作物产量提升空间较小。虽然各地学者对当地不同作物产量差进行了详细的研究,为提升该地区产量、缩小作物产量差提供了科学依据和参考。然而,由于产量估算方法不同,使得研究结果之间差异较大,可比性差。同时因数据和方法的限制,大多集中在解析农业生产过程中的气候、土壤、品种、栽培管理措施等因素对产量的限制程度,而往往忽略了在产量形成过程中农民意愿、政策和经济等因素的影响。总之,未来的产量差研究重点应包括准确计算各区域主要作物产量潜力上限,明确针对不同产量差计算方法,综合考虑气候、土壤、品种和栽培技术以及社会经济因素,解析产量差限制程度。     

Cluster analysis of linear model coefficients under contiguity constraints for identifying spatial and temporal fishing effort patterns

For fisheries management purposes, it is essential to take into account spatial and seasonal characteristics of fishing activities to allow a reliable assessment of fishing impact on resource. This paper presents a novel technique for describing spatial and temporal patterns in fishing effort. The spatial and seasonal fishing activity patterns of the French trawler fleet in the Celtic Sea during the period 1991–1998 were analysed by modelling fishing effort (fishing time) with generalised linear models. The linear model for fishing effort included fixed effects for both spatial (statistical rectangles) and temporal units (months). In addition, spatial correlations in any given month were modelled by an exponentially decreasing function. Temporal correlations were included using the previous month's fishing effort for a given spatial unit as predictor. A method based on cluster analysis of estimated model coefficients of spatial or temporal fixed effects is proposed for identifying groups of similar spatial and temporal units. A contiguity constraint is imposed in the clustering algorithm, ensuring that only neighbouring spatial units or consecutive temporal units are grouped. The cluster analysis identified 22 spatial and 9 temporal groups. Winter and spring months stood out as being more variable than the remaining months. Spatial groups were of varying size, and generally larger offshore. The proposed method is generic and could for example be used to analyse temporal and spatial patterns in catch or catch rate data.     

中国手球运动发展中的制约因素及对策研究

中国手球运动从上个世纪80年代开展的十分红火到如今中国手球运动发展已是举步维艰。通过文献资料、数理统计、专家访谈等方法，对中国手球运动发展中的制约因素进行调查研究，发现国内手球运动群众基础、全国手球赛事数量、国家队比赛成绩、教练员、体育教师业务能力、队伍梯队建设、运动员招生与就业等因素制约中国手球运动的发展，并针对以上制约因素，提出相应对策。