ISO/FDIS 22000饲料安全管理体系危害控制措施OPRP与HACCP计划的设计

以畜禽复合矿物质预混料生产为例基于有效的危害分析,研究了OPRP、HACCP计划的影响因素,阐明了饲料生产企业对饲料安全危害控制措施的目标、具体方法。研究并提出了OPRP和HACCP计划设计与再设计的关键要素,为饲料生产企业有效控制饲料安全危害、建立饲料安全管理体系提供指南。     

Effect of extrusion cooking temperature on the microstructure of extruded pellets

ABSTRACT:   The microstructure of extruded pellets (EP) for fish under various extrusion cooking temperatures was studied by using a twin-shaft extruder. As the extrusion cooking temperature increased, the expansion rate increased and the bulk density of EP decreased. The liquefaction of the material started because of the increase in inner material temperature, the decrease in inner material pressure, and the decrease in main motor amperage. Thus, the microstructure of EP changed depending on the extrusion cooking conditions, that is, the extrusion cooking temperature effected greatly the liquefaction of the material. Generally, when the extrusion cooking temperature increased, the expansion rate increased, but a suitable temperature was found for a maximum expansion rate. The microstructure of the EP was caused by the liquefaction of the material and the microstructure effects on the function of EP. For example, the water holding capacity was affected by the inner bubble structure of an EP. These functions affect the character of the feed. EP produced under suitable conditions can have additional functions for feed.     

复合微生物制剂在日本鳗鲡土池精养中的应用

本研究开展了对日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica) 精养殖土池,定期泼洒施用一种复合微生物制剂（Freshplus净水剂）的对比试验,定期监测了处理组和对照组池塘的水温、pH、溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、COD、碱度等水质指标,并分析对比了鳗鱼养殖效果。结果表明：Freshplus净水剂的施用能显著降低鳗鱼土池水体氨氮浓度60.5% (p＜0.05)、显著提高鳗鱼生长速度33.0% (p＜0.05),降低饲料系数9.6% (p＜0.1)。     

封闭循环水系统中养殖密度对大菱鲆生长和免疫的影响

研究了大菱鲆幼鱼在封闭循环水系统中养殖密度对其摄食、生长、饲料利用率及免疫机能的影响。实验设计了4组不同处理,初始养殖密度分别为0.66 kg/m2、1.26 kg/m2、2.56 kg/m2、4.00 kg/m2,每个密度组设3个重复,为期100 d,实验结束时养殖密度分别为4.67 kg/m2、7.25 kg/m2、14.16 kg/m2、17.77 kg/m2。结果表明:大菱鲆生长速度与养殖密度呈负相关,各实验组的持定生长率(SGR)值分别为2.67、2.33、2.29、1.98;随着养殖密度的增加,各实验组大菱鲆的体重差异度出现显著变化(P<0.01);大菱鲆的饵料系数与养殖密度呈正相关,实验组1的饵料系数为0.70;实验组4的饵料系数为0.76;养殖密度对大菱鲆的免疫指标碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及肝脏的脏器系数的影响不大。本实验结果可为鱼类循环水工厂化养殖管理提供参考。     

中草药对斑节对虾生长、饲料利用和肌肉营养成分的影响

研究了中草药对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon(初始体重0.30g.尾-1)生长性能、饲料利用以及肌肉营养成分和氨基酸的影响。6种实验饲料(按顺序分别为1,2,3,4,5和6)中中草药的添加量分别为0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0和8.0g·kg-1饲料。除了饲料2之外,斑节对虾的成活率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率都显著(P<0.05)优于对照组(饲料1)。投喂饲料3的斑节对虾增重率与对照组相比,虽然统计学上不存在显著差异,但有较大幅度的提高。投喂添加中草药的饲料对斑节对虾肌肉的水分和蛋白质含量无显著影响,但脂肪含量明显下降。结果表明,斑节对虾饲料中添加适量的中草药能够促进生长、显著提高成活率和降低饲料系数,并改变斑节对虾肌肉中脂肪含量和氨基酸组成。     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for juvenile snakehead,Ophiocephalus argus

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids in Peruvian fish meal, poultry by‐product meal, meat and bone meal, spray‐dried blood meal, hydrolysed feather meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal were determined for juvenile snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus) with initial mean body weight of 78.1 g. A reference diet and test diets that consisted of a 70 : 30 mixture of the reference diet to test ingredient were used with 5 g kg^?1 Cr₂O₃ as an external indicator. Fish meal, poultry by‐product meal and corn gluten meal had higher ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy among ingredients tested. Dry matter ADCs ranged 61.9–81.5% for animal ingredients and corn gluten meal and ranged 52.2–68.0% for soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. Energy ADCs of ingredients followed similar trends to differences in dry matter digestibility. Protein ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 73.6–92.8% and 75.3–85.6%, respectively. Amino acid ADCs generally reflected protein digestibility. Lipid ADCs were relatively high for the ingredients tested. Phosphorus ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 39.5–65.2% and 38.7–57.1%, respectively.     

大银鱼混合营养期的人工投饵实验

报道了大银鱼混合营养期投喂小球藻,金藻,裸藻以及微粒仿生饲料的实验结果,其效果依次为金藻〉微粒仿生饲料〉小球藻〉裸藻。并观察了混合营养期仔鱼的形态变化,为大水面移植和小水体养殖大银鱼提供了理论依据。     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.     

提高猪肉风味的饲料对育肥猪血液生化指标的影响

选择临床健康、70日龄的杜长大三元杂交仔猪60头,随机分成试验组和对照组,每组30头。对照组只喂给基础日粮,试验组饲喂提高猪肉风味的饲料,两组均在同一条件下,按常规方法饲养管理,饲喂90d结束试验。试验结束后,空腹耳静脉采血,离心分离血清,测定血清中14项生化指标。试验结果表明,提高猪肉风味的饲料对肥育猪血液各项生化指标无明显影响。     

配合饲料和活饵料对刀鲚幼鱼生长、存活和消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了解配合饲料和活饵料对刀鲚幼鱼生长、存活和几种酶活性的影响,对用配合饲料和活饵料喂养178 d的刀鲚幼鱼的生长、存活和消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶以及抗氧化酶活性进行分析与比较。结果显示,配合饲料组的最终体长、体质量、成活率、鱼体肥满度和肝指数(分别为125.17 mm、6.27 g、65.73%、0.31 g/cm3和1.4%)显著低于活饵料组(分别为150.66 mm、12.39 g、85.59%、0.36 g/cm3和1.9%),两组鱼的肠长和体长比无显著差异(分别为25.3%和23.6%);两组鱼的肝脏中均未检测出蛋白酶,配合饲料组的幽门盲囊中碱性蛋白酶的活性(43.49 U/mg prot)显著低于活饵料组(86.37 U/mg prot),但两处理组鱼胃中酸性蛋白酶和肠道中碱性蛋白酶的活性均没有显著差异;配合饲料组肠道和幽门盲囊中的淀粉酶活性(分别为196.63和575.93 U/g prot)显著低于活饵料组(分别为928.91和1 755.90U/g prot),但两处理组鱼肝脏和胃中的淀粉酶活性没有显著差异;两处理组鱼的肝脏和胃中均未检测出脂肪酶,配合饲料组的肠道脂肪酶活性(23.55 U/g prot)显著高于活饵料组(14.39 U/g prot),但两处理组幽门盲囊中脂肪酶活性(分别为17.90和13.23 U/g prot)没有显著差异;配合饲料组的肝脏碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(103.44 U/g prot)显著高于活饵料组(58.20 U/g prot),而配合饲料组的肝脏谷草转氨酶(AST/GOT)活性(20.38 U/g prot)显著低于活饵料组(32.51 U/g prot);肝脏中其余被检测的5种酶活性(ACP、ALT/GPT、SOD、GSH-PX和CAT)和血清中被检测的代谢酶(ALT/GPT和AST/GOT)及抗氧化酶(SOD和GSH-PX)活性在两处理组之间均没有显著差异。研究表明,刀鲚能摄食配合饲料,配合饲料组和活饵料组的大多数消化酶、非特异性免疫酶、代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性,没有显著性差异,但配合饲料组的刀鲚生长和成活率远低于活饵料组,建议今后研发和改进刀鲚配合饲料,逐步替代活饵料。