国内外城市河岸带近自然植物群落构建研究评述

城市河岸带是城市最具生态效能和活力的空间,创造近自然植物群落能够提高城市的生物多样性,形成万物共生的可持续生态景观。国内外相关研究学者在积极探寻城市河岸带植物群落构建的方法和标准,但这方面的综述文章寥寥无几。在web of science和中国知网数据库中查新国内外相关文献50余篇,评述了国内外城市河岸带植物群落构建现状以及近自然植物群落构建途径两方面研究进展,以期梳理整合城市河岸带植物群落构建现状与趋势,拓宽城市河岸带植物群落新视野,为城市河岸带植物群落构建研究的体系框架提供研究思路。     

城市公园植物群落特征及空间量化评价研究

为了研究城市公园绿化的质量和水平,以青岛滨海为调查对象,对其各公园的植物群落特征和空间量化情况进行评价研究。结果表明,青岛滨海地区各城市公园中植物群落主要由乔木和灌木等小规格植物组成,空间量化分布较单一;大部分植物的胸径小于35 cm,植物胸径与冠幅和树高之间基本成正相关关系,不同植物群落冠层结构的空隙度和叶面积指数均存在一定差异性;植物群落配置可分为单排、双排及多排3种模式,不同模式下的植物生长存在差异性。     

Soil microbial communities changed with a continuously monocropped processing tomato system

To reveal the regulatory mechanisms underlying the productivity of long-term continuous cropping of processing tomato, a multi-year study was carried out to understand the effects of long-term continuous cropping on the community structures of the root zone microbes. Soil samples collected from continuous cropping of processing tomato after 3, 5 and 7 years were used for this study. Results showed that soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), N (SMBN) and microbial quotient (qMB) significantly decreased with longer cropping. After seven years of continuous cropping, the SMBC and SMBN contents, and qMB respectively significantly decreased by 52.3%, 78.8% and 48.2% (p?相似文献   

哈茨木霉和黑曲霉粗酶液预处理改善秸秆产甲烷性能

为提高玉米秸秆甲烷产率,该文研究了酶对玉米秸秆预处理后厌氧发酵的指标性质和对微生物的冲击。研究发现,哈茨木霉粗酶液(酶T)和黑曲霉粗酶液(酶A)预处理后,发酵体系中初始挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)显著增加,主要体现在乙酸的积累。发酵1 d后,酶T处理组和酶A处理组的碱度/VFA比值及可溶性化学需氧量/VFA(s COD/VFA)比值较CK组显著增加,该变化主要体现在VFA的大量减少。发酵20 d,酶T处理组和酶A处理组的累积产甲烷量分别比CK组提高了7.79%和10.06%。厌氧发酵24 h,酶T处理组中9个属的细菌丰度显著高于CK组,其中Clostridium,vadin BC27,Ruminofilibacter与纤维素的降解有关。发酵系统中古菌主要为Methanosaeta,Bathyarchaeota,Methanosarcina,Methanobacterium等。预处理影响了发酵系统中微生物的菌群结构,对改善发酵条件具有重要的调节作用。该研究为木质纤维素的沼气转化提供参考。     

Isolation, identification, and characterization of an aluminum-tolerant bacterium Burkholderia sp. SB1 from an acidic red soil

Aluminum (Al) toxicity usually occurs in acidic soils worldwide, which is detrimental to the growth of organisms. An Al-tolerant bacterium, SB1, was isolated from an acidic red soil of Chingkang Mountain, located in Jiangxi Province of China. Polyphasic analysis, including a 16S rDNA phylogenetic tree as well as morphological and physicochemical properties, revealed that the isolate was a gramnegative, rod-shaped bacterium, which was recognized as Burkholderia sp. SB1 and had extreme acidity tolerance (pH 2.2) and excellent Al resistance (270 mg L^-1 Al³⁺). It could remove Al by up to 97.7% at a concentration of 54 mg L^-1 Al³⁺. SB1 behavior under different temperatures and antibiotics was also examined. SB1 preferred moderate temperature conditions, ranging from 25 to 37℃, and exhibited notable resistance to multiple antibiotics (including ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline), except for being sensitive to chloramphenicol. Therefore, as the first reported bacterium to possess favorable Al resistance and excellent Al removal, Burkholderia sp. SB1 can potentially be used as an agent for bioremediation of Al-contaminated acidic red soils.     

绿肥配施减量化肥对土壤固氮菌群落的影响

为了探讨绿肥配施减量化肥对土壤固氮菌的影响,以开展八年的紫云英配施减量化肥的长期定位试验站为平台,选取不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、紫云英配施80%化肥(MF80)、紫云英配施60%化肥(MF60)和紫云英配施40%化肥(MF40)共5个处理,于水稻分蘖期采集土样,采用荧光定量PCR和Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析了不同施肥制度下土壤固氮菌nif H基因丰度和多样性的变化规律。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,翻压紫云英的减量施肥处理水稻产量与其无显著差异,从化肥用量和产量综合考虑,MF60处理是一种适宜的施肥制度。翻压绿肥处理土壤全氮明显增加;碱解氮含量(除MF60处理)与NPK处理无显著差异。翻压紫云英配施减量化肥的施肥处理(除MF40处理)土壤固氮菌丰度明显高于NPK处理,且固氮菌丰度与土壤碱解氮、硝态氮和p H呈显著正相关。翻压紫云英后土壤固氮菌Shannon指数明显低于NPK处理,各施肥处理间OTU指数差异不明显。各施肥处理的土壤固氮菌均以变形菌门为绝对优势菌门,翻压紫云英的减量施肥处理变形菌门丰度显著低于单施化肥处理。主坐标分析表明,翻压紫云英配施减量化肥的3个施肥处理与CK、NPK处理的土壤固氮菌的群落结构差异较明显。研究表明,紫云英配施减量化肥有利于提升土壤肥力和固氮菌的数量,紫云英的施用和化肥用量都是影响土壤固氮菌群落结构的重要因素。     

磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法分析养猪发酵床微生物群落结构的空间分布

采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid Fatty Acids,PLFA)生物标记法分析发酵床大栏养猪微生物群落结构的空间分布特点。从发酵床的5个区域(A、B、C、D、E)和3个层次(表层、中间层和底层)采集垫料样品,利用Sherlock MIS 4.5系统分析各样品的PLFA。结果表明,15:00、17:00、a15:0等7种PLFA在各样品中均有分布,为完全分布型,而a12:0和17:1 w6分别只在A区和B区分布,为不完全分布型。指示细菌、真菌、放线菌、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)的PLFA及总PLFA在D区表层分布量最大。在各垫料中,PLFA分布量均表现为细菌真菌放线菌。A区各层次的真菌/细菌比值显著高于其他区域(P0.05),而G+/G-比值则显著低于其他区域(P0.05)。多样性分析表明,不同区域和层次的垫料Simpson指数、Shannon指数和Pielou指数值均呈现显著差异(P0.05)。聚类分析表明,当兰氏距离为117.1时,可将各样品聚为两个类群:类群Ⅰ包含A区的垫料,其特征是指示不同微生物的PLFA种类少和含量低;类群Ⅱ包含其他4个区域的垫料。当兰氏距离为23.4时,B区和D区各层次样本聚在同一亚类群中,其PLFA种类多、含量高,而C区和E区各层次样本聚在另一亚类群中,其PLFA含量中等。主成分分析表明,主成分1和主成分2基本能将发酵床不同空间垫料样本区分出来,其中A区单独归在一类群,D区和B区归在一类群,C区和E区归在一类群,与聚类分析结果一致。综上,发酵床大栏养猪不同空间的微生物种群结构不同,A区微生物种类少、含量低,而B区和D区微生物种类多、含量高。     

坡向与植物群落对水蚀风蚀交错带土壤有机碳氮的影响

以黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟流域内的1个支沟为对象,通过植被调查和采样分析,研究了坡向和植物群落类型对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和有机碳氮密度(SOCD、TND)的影响。结果表明:(1)坡向对0—20cm土壤SOC和TN含量及0—60cm C/N均有显著影响。SOC、TN含量及C/N分别表现为:半阴坡半阳坡沟头半阴坡半阳坡=沟头及半阳坡半阴坡≥沟头的趋势;(2)植物群落对0—10cm SOC和TN含量及0—20cm C/N均有显著影响。半阴坡分布的3种豆科群落达乌里胡枝子、紫花苜蓿及白花草木樨间土壤碳氮差异不显著,但均显著高于禾本科的长芒草群落;半阳坡分布的达乌里胡枝子和紫花苜蓿群落SOC和TN含量相当,均显著高于茵陈蒿群落(菊科)和长芒草群落;沟头的达乌里胡枝子群落SOC、TN显著高于长芒草。豆科草本植物更有利于促进土壤碳氮的积累;(3)坡向主要影响表层0—20cm SOCD和TND,其对60cm剖面SOCD和TND贡献率分别为45%～55%和47%～53%。不同植物群落下土壤表层及整个剖面SOCD和TND均有显著差异。研究支沟内SOCD平均为2.13kg/m2,远低于黄土高原其他地区。上述结果对于水蚀风蚀交错带土壤碳氮储量的精确评估及植被合理建造有一定指导价值。     

干旱区土壤螨类群落多样性及其与环境因子的相关性分析

【目的】研究干旱区土壤环境因子对土壤螨类群落多样性的影响,对鄯善县7种不同生境进行土壤螨类群落调查与环境因子测定。【方法】采用改良的Tullgren法分离收集土壤螨类,并用Pearson相关分析和典范对应分析方法对土壤螨类群落多样性特征及其与环境因子之间进行相关分析。【结果】共捕获土壤螨类成体标本26 637只,隶属于4目69科98属。7种不同生境之间土壤螨类群落多样性指标均有极显著差异(P<0.001),其中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)依次为防护林＞葡萄园＞杏园＞苜蓿地＞草地＞耕地＞菜地。CCA分析结果表明,第一主轴和第二主轴分别解释了土壤螨类主要群落总变量的29.7%和17.1%,与环境因子的相关性系数分别为0.926和0.929,前两轴共解释了土壤螨类物种类与环境因素关系的92.9%。蒙特卡罗置换检验显示,10个土壤主要理化性质与第一排序轴(F=4.31,P=0.002)和全部排序轴(F=2.68,P=0.002)均存在极显著的相关性。【结论】鄯善县7种不同生境土壤螨类群落多样性与土壤含水量、有机质、容重及全氮含量呈显著相关(P<0.05),其中土壤含水量、全氮和有机质含量对螨类群落结构和多样性的影响显著。     

Energy crops,livelihoods, and legal deforestation: A case study at Phu Wiang National Park,Thailand

Thailand aims to increase the use of renewable and alternative energy by 25% of total consumption under the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP 2012–2021) by 2021, which include outputs from energy crops. This initiative is likely to put pressure on land resources, especially near parks and protected areas. Our study examined energy crop plantations, farmer responses to the AEDP, and community roles in forest protection in four villages adjacent to Phu Wiang National Park, Thailand in 2014. The majority of respondents (80%, n = 50) used their land for rice cultivation, but many villagers increased plantings of sugarcane (54%) and cassava (20%) because of high market demand for energy crops. Only a few examples of agricultural expansion into the national park were observed. Nevertheless, encroachment is likely to occur at this and other national parks as a result of government incentives to plant energy crops and the limited availability of agricultural land. Reliance on community-based management strategies may not be powerful enough for villagers to withstand the pressures of modernization, materialism, and other socioeconomic influences, possibly negating the effect of sustainability. Striking an equitable balance between government policies, community development, and forest protection will be a challenge for resource managers.